Toxins: Bacterial and Marine Toxins

Salzman, Matthew; Madsen, James M.; Greenberg, Michael I.

doi:10.1016/j.cll.2006.04.003

Cited by 19 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 98 publications

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“…Marine toxins are different from animal toxins. Marine biotoxins refer specifically to the toxic metabolism of marine organisms, which include algae, shellfish, coelomatids, and some tropical coral reef fish (Salzman et al 2006 ). They are the most widely distributed and most toxic biotoxins (Halstead 1981 ).…”

Section: Biotoxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exosomes as mediators of signal transmitters in biotoxins toxicity: a comprehensive review

Xu,

Huangfu,

et al. 2024

Cell Biol Toxicol

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Small membranes known as exosomes surround them and are released by several cell types both in vitro and in vivo. These membranes are packed with a variety of biomolecules, including proteins, lipids, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA), and non-coding RNA (ncRNA). As a source of biological nanomaterials, exosomes play a role in information and substance transmission between cells and have been identified as a general method of facilitating communication during interactions between the body, target organs, and toxins.. In order to understand the changes and mechanism of the composition and level of exosomes after biotoxin infection, this review focuses on current findings on the exosomes and highlights their novel uses in the toxicity mechanism. Exosomes are mainly used as a delivery carrier or mediated by receptors, and play an immune role after the toxin enters the body. This review expounds on the importance of exosomes in the toxicological mechanism of biotoxins and provides new insights for further diagnosis of toxic biomarkers, detoxification, and treatment development. Graphical abstract

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Section: Biotoxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exosomes as mediators of signal transmitters in biotoxins toxicity: a comprehensive review

Xu,

Huangfu,

et al. 2024

Cell Biol Toxicol

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“…51 The type -III secretory system releases secretory proteins, beginning with EspA , which forms a fi lamentous, needle -like chute. 55 Release of the A1 subunit into the cytosol causes the deactivation of ribosomal RNA on the 60S ribosomal subunit. Translocated intimin receptor ( Tir ) travels down the chute and settles into the pores.…”

Section: Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia Colimentioning

confidence: 99%

Escherichia coli

Barceloux

Faact²,

Facmt³

2008

Medical Toxicology of Natural Substances

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HISTORYEscherichia coli (Migula) Castellani and Chalmers ( E. coli ) are lactose -fermenting, gram -negative, facultative anaerobic rods, fi rst isolated and characterized by Austrian pediatrician and bacteriologist Theodor Escherich in 1885. 1 Since that time, over 170 serogroups of E. coli have been identifi ed that are distinguished by the expression of O (somatic), H (fl agellar), and/or K (capsular) antigens. Over the last part of the 20th century, several groups of pathogenic E. coli have been identifi ed. Of these serotypes, 43 enterohemorrhagic serotypes of E. coli (EHEC) are associated with bloody diarrhea. 2 E. coli O157:H7 has emerged as the most notorious enterohemorrhagic E. coli serotype based on the threat of these infections to public health. The fi rst recognized outbreak of E. coli O157:H7 occurred in 1982, when an outbreak of food poisoning ( " hamburger diarrhea " ) resulted from the contamination of hamburger with this E. coli serotype. 3 In the United States, E. coli O157:H7 remains among the most common organism isolated from patients with bloody stool specimens. 4 Enteropathogenic E. coli were the fi rst diseasecausing strains of E. coli identifi ed, and these strains of E. coli remain a common cause of diarrhea in children ( " infant diarrhea " ), particularly in developing nations. During the 1960s, enterotoxigenic strains of E. coli were recognized as a cause of " traveler ' s diarrhea. " Enterotoxigenic strains of E. coli remain a major cause of travel -associated diarrhea (Asia, Mexico, Latin America, Africa), as well as gastrointestinal illness in military settings. Recently, enteroaggregative strains of E. coli have been associated with persistent watery diarrhea in developing countries. Each year, 73,000 cases of pathogenic E. coli illness are reported worldwide, resulting in over 60 deaths. 5

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“…Most strains of S. aureus are highly tolerant to sugars and salts, and these strains can grow over a water activity (a w ) range of 0.83 to > 0.99. 34 SEG, SEH, and SEI are relatively minor enterotoxins. SEs are single polypeptides of 25 -28 kDa that are highly heat resistant and remain active even when the staphylococci are destroyed.…”

Section: Toxins Physiochemical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%