Toxins from Animal Venoms as a Potential Source of Antimalarials: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

Malaria is an infectious disease caused by Plasmodium spp. and it is mainly transmitted to humans by female mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles. Malaria is an important global public health problem due to its high rates of morbidity and mortality. At present, drug therapies and vector control with insecticides are respectively the most commonly used methods for the treatment and control of malaria. However, several studies have shown the resistance of Plasmodium to drugs that are recommended for the treatment of malaria. In view of this, it is necessary to carry out studies to discover new antimalarial molecules as lead compounds for the development of new medicines. In this sense, in the last few decades, animal venoms have attracted attention as a potential source for new antimalarial molecules. Therefore, the aim of this review was to summarize animal venom toxins with antimalarial activity found in the literature. From this research, 50 isolated substances, 4 venom fractions and 7 venom extracts from animals such as anurans, spiders, scorpions, snakes, and bees were identified. These toxins act as inhibitors at different key points in the biological cycle of Plasmodium and may be important in the context of the resistance of Plasmodium to currently available antimalarial drugs.

Antimalarial efficacy of Duttaphrynus melanostictus skin extract via inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum Na+/H+ ATPase

“…Numerous investigations have been conducted over time to show that toxins derived from various animal taxonomic groups have antiplasmodial properties that can be used to treat malaria (Salimo et al 2023). These toxins are composed of several different substances such as steroids, alkaloids, biogenic amines, proteins, and peptides, that have been carefully formulated throughout millions of years of evolution.…”