TOXINZ, the New Zealand Internet poisons information database: The first decade

Fountain, John; Slaughter, Robin J

doi:10.1111/1742-6723.12594

Cited by 11 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Most TOXINZ page hits were relating to therapeutic substances, similar to a previous study 17 . Paracetamol was the most frequently viewed individual substance on TOXINZ and also the most common substance of enquiry in healthcare professional calls to the NZNPC.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 74%

Enquiries to the New Zealand National Poisons Centre in 2018

Kumpula

Shieffelbien

Pomerleau

2020

Emerg Medicine Australasia

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The New Zealand National Poisons Centre provides 24/7 freely accessible expert clinical assessment and management advice for poisonings through telephone consultations and its extensive online poisoning information database. Most calls in 2018 were from the general public and involved paediatric exposures which could be managed at home. Most telephone consultations with New Zealand National Poisons Centre clinical toxicologists and queries of the online database involved exposures to medications, particularly paracetamol.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 74%

Enquiries to the New Zealand National Poisons Centre in 2018

Kumpula

Shieffelbien

Pomerleau

2020

Emerg Medicine Australasia

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“…Discrepancies have been observed in the case of venlafaxine, suggesting sales of non-prescribed venlafaxine, which are, therefore, not included within NHS data [ 66 ]. Furthermore, in a retrospective review of the records of the New Zealand National Poisons Centre over the period 2003-2012, rapidly increasing levels of enquiries were identified for a range of prescription medicines, including venlafaxine [ 67 ]. According to the EMA EV database from the last decade [ 68 ], the misuse-/abuse-/dependence- and withdrawal-related ADRs reported respectively for bupropion and venlafaxine show that bupropion may possess a higher recreational value due to its dopaminergic and stimulant-like activity, whilst the occurrence of a venlafaxine-withdrawal syndrome may be a significant issue for venlafaxine-treated patients; these data were confirmed by analysis of the UK-based Yellow Card Scheme [ 68 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Abuse of Prescription Drugs in the Context of Novel Psychoactive Substances (NPS): A Systematic Review

et al. 2018

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Recently, a range of prescription and over-the-counter drugs have been reportedly used as Novel Psychoactive Substances (NPS), due to their potential for abuse resulting from their high dosage/idiosyncratic methods of self-administration. This paper provides a systematic review of the topic, focusing on a range of medications which have emerged as being used recreationally, either on their own or in combination with NPS. Among gabapentinoids, pregabalin may present with higher addictive liability levels than gabapentin, with pregabalin being mostly identified in the context of opioid, polydrug intake. For antidepressants, their dopaminergic, stimulant-like, bupropion activities may explain their recreational value and diversion from the therapeutic intended use. In some vulnerable clients, a high dosage of venlafaxine (‘baby ecstasy’) is ingested for recreational purposes, whilst the occurrence of a clinically-relevant withdrawal syndrome may be a significant issue for all venlafaxine-treated patients. Considering second generation antipsychotics, olanzapine appears to be ingested at very large dosages as an ‘ideal trip terminator’, whilst the immediate-release quetiapine formulation may possess proper abuse liability levels. Within the image- and performance- enhancing drugs (IPEDs) group, the beta-2 agonist clenbuterol (‘size zero pill’) is reported to be self-administered for aggressive slimming purposes. Finally, high/very high dosage ingestion of the antidiarrhoeal loperamide has shown recent increasing levels of popularity due to its central recreational, anti-withdrawal, opiatergic effects. The emerging abuse of prescription drugs within the context of a rapidly modifying drug scenario represents a challenge for psychiatry, public health and drug-control policies.

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“…Target compounds were compared to NHS prescription statistics; discrepancies were observed for a range of molecules, including venlafaxine, suggesting sales of non-prescribed venlafaxine. Furthermore, Fountain and Slaughter (Fountain and Slaughter, 2016 ) carried out a retrospective review of records of New Zealand National Poisons Centre records referring to the period 2003–2012; high or rapidly increasing levels of enquiries were identified for a range of prescribing medicines, including venlafaxine.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is There a Potential of Misuse for Venlafaxine and Bupropion?

Schifano

Chiappini

2018

Front. Pharmacol.

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Objective: Traditionally, studies on the non-medical use of pharmaceutical products have focused on controlled substances; e.g., opiates/opioids; and benzodiazepines. Although both bupropion and venlafaxine have been reported as being misused, only anecdotal reports have been made available so far. Hence, the European Monitoring Agency (EMA) Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs), misuse/abuse/dependence and withdrawal, venlafaxine- and bupropion-related, database was here analyzed.Methods: All EMA spontaneous reports relating to venlafaxine (2005–2016) and bupropion (2003–2016) notifications were here analyzed, to provide a descriptive analysis by source, gender, age, and type of report. The UK-based, 2000–2016, Yellow Card Scheme pharmacovigilance database, bupropion and venlafaxine withdrawal reports were compared as well with those pertaining to fluoxetine and paroxetine.Results: Out of 20,720 (bupropion) and 47,516 (venlafaxine) total number of ADRs, some 2,232 (10.8%), and 4,071 (8.5%) misuse/abuse/dependence ADRs were respectively associated with bupropion and venlafaxine. Conversely, bupropion withdrawal-related ADRs were here reported in 299/20,720 (1.44%) cases and in 914/47,516 (1.92%) cases for venlafaxine. Overall, all bupropion and venlafaxine misuse-/abuse-/dependence- and withdrawal-ADRs were related to a respective number of 264 and 447 patients. According to the Proportional Reporting Ratio (PRR) computation, in comparison with venlafaxine bupropion resulted to be more frequently misused/abused (PRR: 1.50), but less frequently associated with both dependence (PRR: 0.92) and withdrawal (PRR: 0.77) issues. Yellow Card Scheme data suggested that paroxetine and venlafaxine, in comparison with fluoxetine and bupropion, were associated with higher number of withdrawal-related reports.Conclusions: The dopaminergic, stimulant-like, bupropion activities may be associated with its possible recreational value. Present data may confirm that the occurrence of a withdrawal syndrome may be a significant issue for venlafaxine-treated patients.

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TOXINZ, the New Zealand Internet poisons information database: The first decade

Abstract: The TOXINZ Internet accessible poisons information database has proved to be a well-utilised addition to the New Zealand National Poisons Centre's service.

Cited by 11 publications

References 13 publications

Enquiries to the New Zealand National Poisons Centre in 2018

Enquiries to the New Zealand National Poisons Centre in 2018

Abuse of Prescription Drugs in the Context of Novel Psychoactive Substances (NPS): A Systematic Review

Is There a Potential of Misuse for Venlafaxine and Bupropion?

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