Toxixity from exposure to benzene

Abstract

Benzene, also known as benzol, is an agent present in industry, petrochemical processes, cigarette smoke, food, and is even released during forest fires and volcanic eruptions. It is classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) in Group IA; therefore, the entire population is exposed to benzene, but to a greater extent in the occupational environment. This agent, when biotransformed, generates highly reactive metabolites and free radicals that are toxic, cytotoxic, genotoxic, and carcinogenic, and even modify epigenetic markers. There is evidence demonstrating that benzene damages bone marrow, the cardiovascular, endocrine, neurological, and hematopoietic systems. However, the clearest and most extensively studied effect is the induction of leukemia. Nevertheless, the mechanisms of this effect are not fully clear, but they are attributed to the combination of several factors, including the disruption of hematopoietic signaling pathways, inhibition of anti-tumor defenses, induction of chromosomal aberrations, and modification of the epigenome. Therefore, it is suggested that awareness campaigns be developed to promote compliance with regulations, the use of protective equipment, and the limitation of benzene emissions in workplaces and the environment.