Toxocara canis larvae viability after disinfectant—exposition

Morrondo, P.; Díez-Morrondo, C.; Pedreira, J.; Díez-Baños, Natividad; Sánchez-Andrade, R.; Paz-Silvạ, A.; Díez‐Baños, P.

doi:10.1007/s00436-006-0200-5

Cited by 25 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…(2001) found that iodine dilutions inactivate larvae inside T. canis eggs after only short‐term exposure. Consistent with our findings, Morrondo et al. (2006) observed that 70% ethyl alcohol was highly effective in inhibiting T. canis embryonic development.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…The other two commercial disinfectants (benzalconium chloride‐ and formaldehyde‐based disinfectant) we tested had no effect on T. canis eggs, which corroborates the findings of Ayçiçek et al. (2001) and Morrondo et al. (2006).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…At each time point, a 10‐ μ l aliquot of each sample was obtained using a precision micropipette. Degree of egg development was analysed as proposed by Morrondo et al. (2006).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The eggs are known to be highly resistant to adverse climatic conditions and various chemical agents (Overgaauw, 1997). Their robustness has prompted some researchers to investigate whether disinfectant solutions inhibit embryonic development or inactivate infective eggs (Ayçiçek et al., 2001; Morrondo et al., 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of Disinfectants on Toxocara canis Embryogenesis and Larval Establishment in Mice Tissues

Verocai

Tavares

Ribeiro

et al. 2010

Zoonoses and Public Health

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The objectives of this study were (i) to evaluate the effects of several different disinfectant solutions on embryonic development of Toxocara canis eggs and (ii) to investigate the potential infectivity of exposed eggs by assessing larval establishment in various tissues in a murine model. All the disinfectants tested were products routinely used in veterinary clinics, kennels, animal shelters and laboratories. Ova were obtained from gravid female T. canis uteri. Thirty samples containing 10,000 eggs were divided into five groups of six identical sample tubes per group. The treatments for the groups were as follows: Group H benzalconium chloride, Group A 70% ethanol, Group B 2-2.5% sodium hypochlorite solution, Group L 7.99% formaldehyde-based disinfectant and Group C tap water (controls). Samples were incubated at 27 ± 1°C and 80 ± 10% relative humidity. Embryonic development was evaluated on days +6, +9, +12, +15, +18, +21, +25, +28 and +36 of exposure by visual observation under light microscopy. Seventy percent ethanol degenerated all eggs within a few days and thus inhibited larval development. Sodium hypochlorite removed the external layer of the ova, but eggs harboured infective larvae for up to 2 weeks. Benzalconium chloride and formaldehyde-based disinfectants had no effect on T. canis embryogenesis according to comparison with control eggs (P > 0.05). Embryonated eggs from each of the six samples from Groups C, H and L were administered to mice as only these ova were considered viable based on in vitro trial. On day 30pi, those were euthanized and had their tissues were submitted to organ compression (brains) or acid-isolation technique (kidneys, lungs, livers and carcasses) for larval counting. The mean number of recovered larvae for Groups C, H and L were: 512.8, 393.7 and 477 respectively (P > 0.05). Larvae derived from Groups H and L eggs maintained their ability to migrate. However, larval establishment pattern differed from control. While certain disinfectants do negatively affect embryogenesis (70% ethanol) and reduce the integrity and durability (sodium hypochlorite) of infective T. canis eggs, others have no effect upon embryogenesis. Those eggs can still be a threat to human and animal health even after over a month of disinfectant exposure.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…At each time point, a 10‐ μ l aliquot of each sample was obtained using a precision micropipette. Degree of egg development was analysed as proposed by Morrondo et al. (2006).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Effects of Disinfectants on Toxocara canis Embryogenesis and Larval Establishment in Mice Tissues

Verocai

Tavares

Ribeiro

et al. 2010

Zoonoses and Public Health

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show abstract

“…More precise baseline rates of development could also facilitate in vitro studies of drugs and disinfectants (e.g. Morrondo et al 2006). This study aimed to determine the lower threshold temperature for development of T. canis eggs to the infective larval stage, and the relationship between temperature and mean development rate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temperature and the development and survival of infective Toxocara canis larvae

et al. 2011

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The influence of temperature on the development and survival of Toxocara canis larvae was investigated under laboratory conditions, in water at 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35°C and at room temperature 22°C ± 1°C. T. canis eggs were able to develop to the larvated stage at all the tested temperatures. Development rate increased with temperature. Linear regression of development rate against temperature predicted a lower development threshold of 11.8°C. Eggs survived cooling to 1 and -2°C for 6 weeks, and could develop to the infective, larvated stage when transferred to higher temperatures, but their development rates were then retarded compared with non-chilled eggs. Larvated eggs remained viable after 7 weeks of incubation across the tested temperature range, with the highest percentage viability (47%) obtained at 25°C. Development of eggs to the infective larval stage required, on average, 121 degree days between 20°C and 30°C. Results provide a basis for predicting variation in the infectivity of eggs in the environment over time in different climates.

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Analysis of the effect of soil saprophytic fungi on the eggs of Baylisascaris procyonis

et al. 2015

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Baylisascaris procyonis is a soil-transmitted helminth mainly found in raccoons (Procyon lotor) which can also affect other domestic and sylvatic animals, as well as humans, when the eggs released in the feces of parasitized raccoons are accidentally ingested. Three assays have been conducted to assess the effect of three saprophytic fungi, Mucor circinelloides, Paecilomyces lilacinus, and Verticillium sp., on the eggs of B. procyonis. Firstly, their ovicidal effect was in vitro ascertained by placing 1 mL with 2 × 10(6) spores of each fungus in Petri plates with water-agar (2 %) and simultaneously adding 200 eggs of Baylisascaris/plate. Two in vivo probes were carried out, by spraying the fungal spores (3 mL containing about 2 × 10(6) spores/mL) on the feces of raccoons and coatis (Nasua narica) passing eggs of B. procyonis in a zoological park; the other assay consisted of evaluating the activity of the fungi after adding sand to fecal samples from raccoons. An ovicidal type 3 activity characterized by morphological damage of the eggshell with hyphal penetration, internal egg colonization, and embryo alteration was observed for all the tested fungi. In the plate assays, viability of Baylisascaris eggs reduced significantly by 53-69 % with Mucor, 45-62 % with Paecilomyces, and 52-67 % with Verticillium. A similar ovicidal effect was detected in the feces with sand. These results demonstrate the usefulness of spraying spores of M. circinelloides, Pa. lilacinus, or Verticillium sp. on the feces of animals infected by Baylisascaris to decrease the numbers of viable eggs and, thus, the risk of infection.

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Toxocara canis larvae viability after disinfectant—exposition

Cited by 25 publications

References 11 publications

Effects of Disinfectants on Toxocara canis Embryogenesis and Larval Establishment in Mice Tissues

Effects of Disinfectants on Toxocara canis Embryogenesis and Larval Establishment in Mice Tissues

Temperature and the development and survival of infective Toxocara canis larvae

Analysis of the effect of soil saprophytic fungi on the eggs of Baylisascaris procyonis

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