Toxoplasma gondii Exposure and the Risk of Schizophrenia

Khademvatan, Shahram; Saki, Jasem; Khajeddin, Niloufar; Izadi-Mazidi, Maryam; Beladi, Reza; Shafiee, Behnaz; Salehi, Zahra

doi:10.5812/jjm.12776

Cited by 25 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 29 publications

(34 reference statements)

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“…According to these findings, residential area has no effect on the risk of toxoplasmosis. In line with our results, Khademvatan et al (2014) and Xiao et al (2010) found that individuals living in urban and rural areas in Iran did not have significantly different seroprevalence of T. gondii infection (35,41). In contrast, Yuksel et al and Kolbekova et al reported a significant correlation between residences in a small town/village and toxoplasmosis (42,43).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 71%

“…Khademvatan et al (2014) also showed that the seroprevalence of anti-T. gondii IgG antibodies in schizophrenia patients and healthy volunteers in Ahvaz, Iran, was 34% and 26.5%, respectively (35). Hamidinejat et al (2012) also demonstrated that the positivity rate of anti-T. gondii IgG antibodies among individuals with schizophrenia (57.1%) was significantly higher than healthy controls (29.2%) (36).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Similarly, in several studies there were no significant differences in T. gondii IgG positivity between males and females with psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia disorder. However, in another study, there were significant differences between female healthy controls and female patients with schizophrenia disorder (p = 0.001), and between male and female patients with schizophrenia disorder (P = 0.009) in IgG positivity (35).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Possible Link Between Toxoplasma gondii Infection and Mood Disorders in Lorestan Province, Western Iran

Kheirandish

Nazari

Mahmoudvand

et al. 2016

Arch Clin Infect Dis

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Background: A large number of epidemiological evidence in humans and experimental studies in rodents have hypothesized that Toxoplasma gondii is a potentially relevant etiological factor in some mood disorders. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate whether latent toxoplasmosis has any role in mood disorders such as schizophrenia and bipolar disease in Western Iran. Patients and Methods: A total of 170 patients including 85 schizophrenia and 85 bipolar patients referred to the only psychiatric hospital in Lorestan province in Khorramabd city, Western Iran, and 170 healthy volunteers were screened for IgG and IgM anti-T. gondii antibodies by the Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Structured questionnaires were used to obtain information on risk factors for T. gondii infection. Results: Out of the 170 psychiatric patients, 103 (63.5%) patients were seropositive for IgG antibody and 14 (8.2%) were seropositive for IgM antibody. Of the 85 bipolar patients, 54 (63.5%) and 6 (7%) were found positive for anti-T. gondii IgG and IgM antibodies, respectively; whereas among 85 schizophrenia patients, 49 (57.6%) and 8 (9.4%) samples were found positive for anti-T. gondii IgG and IgM antibodies, respectively. From 170 healthy volunteers, 73 (42.9%) tested seropositive for anti-T. gondii antibodies; 65 (38.2%) tested seropositive for IgG antibody and 8 (4.7%) tested seropositive for IgM antibody. There was a significant difference in T. gondii IgG positivity between the psychiatric patients and control groups (P = 0.009). Several risk factors, which were significantly related to T. gondii seropositivity in psychiatric patients are being in contact with cats (P = 0.004), eating unwashed raw vegetables (P < 0.001), raw-milk/egg consumption (P = 0.001), and drinking clean water (P = 0.035). Conclusions: We concluded that psychiatric patients in general and schizophrenia and bipolar cases in particular had a significantly higher relative frequency of T. gondii infection than healthy individuals of Lorestan Province, Western Iran.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 71%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Possible Link Between Toxoplasma gondii Infection and Mood Disorders in Lorestan Province, Western Iran

Kheirandish

Nazari

Mahmoudvand

et al. 2016

Arch Clin Infect Dis

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“…Out of the 2,604 different articles in English, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Chinese, and Russian, initially identified for co-morbidities between mental health and chronic physical diseases, and for comorbidities between mental health and neurotropic parasitic diseases, 18 articles were included in our meta-analysis ( Figure 1). Among these 18 articles of co-morbidity studies on mental disorders and neurotropic parasitic diseases [48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65] published between 1997 and 2016 and meeting our inclusion criteria, two were prevalence studies in individuals with neurotropic parasitic diseases who were screened for mental disorders, and sixteen were analytical studies in individuals with mental disorders who were screened for neurotropic parasitic diseases (Table 2 and Table 3).…”

Section: General Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Associations of mental disorders and neurotropic parasitic diseases: a meta-analysis in developing and emerging countries

Daré

Bruand

Gérard

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Although they are declining worldwide, neurotropic parasitic diseases are still common in developing and emerging countries. The aim of this study was to estimate the pooled prevalence and pooled association measures of comorbidities between mental disorders (anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia) and neurotropic parasitic diseases (malaria, cysticercosis, toxoplasmosis, human African trypanosomiasis, Chagas disease, and human toxocariasis) in developing and emerging countries. As the first meta-analysis on this topic, this study was performed in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. The protocol was registered in PROSPERO (N°CRD42017056521). The Medline, Embase, Lilacs, and Institute of Epidemiology and Tropical Neurology databases were used to search for articles without any restriction in language or date. We evaluated the quality of studies independently by two investigators using the Downs and Black assessment grid and pooled estimates using the random-effects method from CMA (Comprehensive Meta Analysis) Version 3.0. In total, 18 studies published between 1997 and 2016 met our inclusion criteria. We found that the prevalence of anxiety and depression in people suffering from Chagas disease and/or neurocysticercosis was 44.9% (95% CI, 34.4 – 55.9). In 16 pooled studies that included 1,782 people with mental disorders and 1,776 controls, toxoplasmosis and/or toxocariasis were associated with increased risk of schizophrenia and/or bipolar disorders (odds ratio = 2.3; 95% CI, 1.7 – 3.2). Finally, toxocariasis and/or toxoplasmosis were associated with an increased risk of the onset of schizophrenia (odds ratio = 2.4; 95% CI, 1.7 – 3.4). Our pooled estimates show that the associations between diseases studied are relatively high in developing and emerging countries. This meta-analysis supports the hypothesis that toxoplasmosis could be the cause of schizophrenia. These findings could prove useful to researchers who want to further explore and understand the associations studied. Keywords: Meta-analysis, association, co-morbidities, mental disorders, neurotropic parasitic diseases.

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“…Based on recent studies, chronic toxoplasmosis may associated with autoimmune and neurodegenerative disorders [11][12][13][14][15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of acute and chronic toxoplasmosis amongst multi-transfused thalassemia patients in southwest of Iran

Yousefi

Foroutan

Salehi

et al. 2017

JAD

Self Cite

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Toxoplasma gondii Exposure and the Risk of Schizophrenia

Cited by 25 publications

References 29 publications

Possible Link Between Toxoplasma gondii Infection and Mood Disorders in Lorestan Province, Western Iran

Possible Link Between Toxoplasma gondii Infection and Mood Disorders in Lorestan Province, Western Iran

Associations of mental disorders and neurotropic parasitic diseases: a meta-analysis in developing and emerging countries

Detection of acute and chronic toxoplasmosis amongst multi-transfused thalassemia patients in southwest of Iran

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