Toxoplasma Gondii Infection and Related Risk Factors Among Blood Donors in Northwest Iran

Bahhaj, Reza; Ahmadpour, Ehsan; Mahami-Oskouei, Mahmoud; Fallah, Esmaeil; Shamsasenjan, Karim; Safaiyan, Abdolrasoul

doi:10.5812/archcid.62005

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Similarly, a study in Kirkuk by Obaid et al (13) also reported higher rates of total and chronic seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis about (18.6% and 11.6%), and a lower rate (4.6%) for acute toxoplasmosis. A study by Bahhaj R et al (14) also reported a high seropositive rate for IgG (39.36%) and a low seropositive rate for IgM (1.06%) among healthy blood donors.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Seroprevalence and some Demographic Factors Associated with Toxoplasma gondii Infection among Male Population in Duhok Province/Iraq

Salih

Mero²,

Eassa

2020

Baghdad Sci.J

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The present study aims to investigate the seroprevalence rate of Toxoplasma gondii infection and its relation to some demographic factors among males in Duhok province/Iraq. A total of 424 random blood samples were collected from the male population of different ages (18-60) years and different social-economic classes. Out of 424 samples examined, 108 (25.47%) were seropositive to the anti- T. gondii antibodies; 88 (20.75%) were found seropositive for IgG, while 20 (4.72%) samples were seropositive for IgM. Regarding occupation, the highest percentage for chronic toxoplasmosis was reported in workers followed by policemen and pensioners at rates of 23.96%, 23.6%, and 23.07%, respectively. The age group 18-30 years showed the highest seropositive rate which was 26.6%; the seropositivity rate decreased with the increase of age. Regarding the blood groups, the highest percentage of IgG was reported in both O+ and B- groups, which were 23.2% and 23.1%, respectively. The higher rate of seropositivity was observed among married males (21.32%) as compared to unmarried males (19.05%) and fertile (22.3%) versus sterile males (12.5%). Concerning IgM antibodies, the highest seropositivity (9.4%) was reported in infertile males. The results of this study showed the importance of demographic factors to the epidemiology of T. gondii in males, which support the role of public health in the control of infectious diseases.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Seroprevalence and some Demographic Factors Associated with Toxoplasma gondii Infection among Male Population in Duhok Province/Iraq

Salih

Mero²,

Eassa

2020

Baghdad Sci.J

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“…Many studies suggest enhancing blood safety measures of pregnant, immunocompromised, and multi-transfused patients. For this purpose, the screening for T. gondii as a priority test for all pretransfusion blood testing schedules should be performed (especially in regions with high endemicity) [ 26 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Medical Relevance of Toxoplasma Infections in Terms of the Safety of Blood Recipients under Immunosuppression—A Meta-Analysis

Wesołowski,

Pawłowska,

Mila-Kierzenkowska

2023

Microorganisms

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Laboratory diagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii infection plays a crucial role in ensuring the safety of blood recipients, especially in the case of immunosuppressed people, such as organ transplant patients. Toxoplasmosis, caused by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii, is a potential threat to people with weakened immune systems, and blood transfusions from infected donors can lead to severe complications. In this publication, we analyze the medical relevance of Toxoplasma infection in the context of the safety of blood recipients, focusing on the immunosuppressed patient population. We present various diagnostic methods, such as serological, molecular, and microscopic tests, which can detect the presence of Toxoplasma gondii in donors’ blood. We also discuss the importance of adequately interpreting diagnostic results, considering risk factors, and detectability of the infection. We pay special attention to high-sensitivity and -specificity diagnostic techniques, which allow us to minimize the risk of Toxoplasma gondii transmission to blood recipients. Our findings have important implications for clinical practice and organ transplantation guidelines, emphasizing the need to diagnose and monitor Toxoplasma infections in blood donors and recipients.

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“…For instance, ToxoDB genotype #13 from the Caribbean had a level of virulence similar to that of ToxoDB genotype #6 from Brazil in killing infected mice within 8 days (Hamilton et al, 2019). The link between different T. gondii molecules, including ROPs (Kappe et al, 2004;Schwartz, 2013;McFarland et al, 2016) and dense granules (Bahhaj et al, 2017), is less recognized. However, a Chinese study indicated a linkage between these molecules to strain virulence, demonstrated as a reduced immune response by mice to the parasite and variation in some key genes among the same genotypes of the parasite (Cheng et al, 2017).…”

Section: Toxoplasma Genotypes and Virulencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Patients with acute infection may develop cervical lymphadenopathy and influenza-like illness. Rarely, an organ transplant or blood donation recipient is infected by T. gondii when they receive an organ or blood from a T. gondii-positive donor (Patel and Paya, 1997;Morris et al, 2010;Schwartz, 2013;Bahhaj et al, 2017;White et al, 2018). In immunocompromised patients and during trans-placental infection, toxoplasmosis most frequently causes neurological complications or toxoplasmic encephalitis (McFarland et al, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxoplasma gondii: Deeper understanding of epidemiology, virulence and pathophysiology enhances diagnosis and informs vaccine design

Woyesa¹,

Taylor‐Robinson²

2021

J. Infect. Dis. Immun.

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Toxoplasma gondii is an extremely widespread intracellular obligate parasite that infects both animals and birds. This protozoan pathogen usually causes asymptomatic infection in humans but can cause significant disease in congenitally infected infants, immunodeficient patients and occasionally in immunocompetent individuals. In the complex life cycle of T. gondii, sexual development occurs uniquely in felines whereas asexual reproduction may take place in humans and other warm-blooded animals serving as intermediate hosts. The prevalence of infection varies considerably among different geographic areas and also among individuals, depending on a variety of factors, including culinary habits and cleanliness of surroundings. Studies to date show low genetic diversity of T. gondii, with three main lineages, designated types I, II and III, found at least within Europe and North America. T. gondii uses various mechanisms to invade host cells and to alter their signal pathways and gene expression. Kinases within the rhoptry, a unique apical organelle, and T. gondii granule proteins are key virulence factors that promote attachment to, and invasion of, host cells. Human Toxoplasma infection is acquired by ingestion of raw or undercooked meat that contains tissue cysts, or through the ingestion of water or food contaminated with oocysts. It is also transmitted congenitally from motherto-foetus and less commonly by transfusion of contaminated blood or transplantation of an infected organ. Life-threatening toxoplasmosis can develop in immunocompromised patients. Diagnostic tests are critical to surveillance, control and prevention of toxoplasmosis. However, different technologies presently utilized around the world to detect different parasite stages are not of a uniformly sufficient standard to indicate clearly the epidemiology and severity of infection at global, regional and national levels. While a prophylactic vaccine is licensed for veterinary administration, no similarly efficacious preparation is available to prevent human infections. Here, we review the epidemiology and genotypes of T. gondii, as well as current detection methods and the state of vaccine development. In addition, the mechanisms by which this parasitic pathogen invades and overcomes the human immune system are considered.

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Toxoplasma Gondii Infection and Related Risk Factors Among Blood Donors in Northwest Iran

Cited by 4 publications

References 24 publications

Seroprevalence and some Demographic Factors Associated with Toxoplasma gondii Infection among Male Population in Duhok Province/Iraq

Seroprevalence and some Demographic Factors Associated with Toxoplasma gondii Infection among Male Population in Duhok Province/Iraq

The Medical Relevance of Toxoplasma Infections in Terms of the Safety of Blood Recipients under Immunosuppression—A Meta-Analysis

Toxoplasma gondii: Deeper understanding of epidemiology, virulence and pathophysiology enhances diagnosis and informs vaccine design

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