Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum and tick-transmitted bacterium Anaplasma phagocytophilum infections in one selected goat farm in Slovakia

Abstract

Parasitic diseases of livestock together with poor welfare conditions can negatively affect the health status and production of small ruminants. Protozoan parasites and tick-borne infectious agents are common threat of livestock including small ruminants mostly during the pasture season. Therefore the priority of the study was to analyse the circulation and presence of two protozoan parasites Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum as well as tick-transmitted bacterium Anaplasma phagocytophilum in one selected goat farm in Eastern Slovakia. Throughout a three-year study period we have repeatedly screened the sera and blood of goats and dogs from monitored farm. In total, 343 blood serum samples from 116 goats were examined by ELISA. The mean seropositivity for T. gondii was 56.9% (66/116, CI (95%) = 48-66.0) and 15.5% (18/116, CI (95%) = 9.3-22.7) for N. caninum. The permanent occurrence of anti-Toxoplasma and anti-Neospora antibodies was detected in repeatedly examined goats during the whole monitored period. The presence of both parasites in the flock was analysed by PCR. DNA of T. gondii was confirmed in 12 out of 25 Toxoplasma-seropositive goats and N. caninum in 14 samples out of 18 Neospora-seropositive animals; four goats were co-infected with both pathogens. The risk of endogenous transmission of both parasites was pursued by examination of 41 kid's sera, where seropositivity for toxoplasmosis was 31.7% and for neosporosis 14.6%. In dogs 61.1% seropositivity for T. gondii and 38.9% for N. caninum was found, however, their faeces were negative for coccidian oocysts. Eight out of 108 tested animals were infected with A. phagocytophilum, the causative agent of tick-borne fever. Seven of them were simultaneously infected with T. gondii and A. phagocytophilum, out of which four goats were concurrently infected with all three pathogens.

Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in goats from north-western Spain

“…This suggests that climatic and management factors facilitate the survival of oocysts in the environment and the contact between definitive and intermediate hosts. The high seroprevalence values of T. gondii found in this present study also implies a real risk for public health [4].The higher individual prevalence observed for T. gondii than for N. caninum in Galician caprine livestock is in agreement with several European serological studies in goats where both protozoans were investigated [16,17,18,19]. These studies show T. gondii individual seroprevalences greater than 53%, whereas N. caninum values do not exceed 16%.…”

“…This may be the reason for identification of T. gondii seropositivity as a risk factor for N. caninum seropositivity and vice versa. In contrast, Čobádiová et al [17] observed a better specificity of the cELISA-VMRD using the manufacturer's cut-off value.…”

Molecular and serological prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and Anaplasma spp. infection in goats from Chongqing Municipality, China

“…Similar to a previous study [ 37 ], 22.89% (76/332) of goats were positive for A. phagocytophilum infection followed by A. bovis (62/332, 18.67%) and A. ovis (43/332, 12.95%), which was not consistent with other reports indicating that the prevalence of A. phagocytophilum in goats was lower than that of A. bovis and A. ovis [ 18 ]. In addition, the prevalence of A. phagocytophilum in goats in this study was higher than that of goats in Slovakia [ 8 ]. Unlike a previous report [ 18 ], the dominant co-infection of A. phagocytophilum + A. bovis (34/332, 10.24%) was higher than A. phagocytophilum + A. ovis (22/332, 6.63%) and A. bovis + A. ovis (16/332, 4.82%).…”

“…Co-infection by T. gondii and Anaplasma has been reported in rodents [ 27 ], dogs [ 10 ], ticks [ 35 ], and wild boars [ 22 ]. However, a survey on the occurrence of goats co-infected by T. gondii and Anaplasma was only reported in Slovakia [ 8 ]. In this study, 43 out of 332 (12.95%) goats were positive for T. gondii and Anaplasma ( Fig.…”

“…Protozoan parasites and tick-borne infectious pathogens are common threats to both humans and animals [ 8 , 30 ]. The causative agent of toxoplasmosis, Toxoplasma gondii , is an obligate apicomplexan intracellular protozoan that can cause behavioral changes, neuropsychiatric disorders, abortions, stillbirth or fetal malformations, infertility and even death in humans and other mammals [ 19 , 21 , 24 , 26 ].…”