TProlactin Responses, Menstrual Cycles, and Body Composition of Women Runners*

Boyden, Thomas W.; Pamenter, Richard W.; Grosso, David S.; Stanforth, Philip R.; Rotkis, T. C.; Wilmore, Jack H.

doi:10.1210/jcem-54-4-711

Cited by 82 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Interestingly, in both men and women who have undergone a training program, the drug-stimulated prolactin response is enhanced (i.e. pituitary challenge tests [52,53] ).…”

Section: Exercise Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth Hormone-Insulin-Like Growth Factor Axis, Thyroid Axis, Prolactin, and Exercise

Hackney

Davis²,

Lane³

2016

Frontiers of Hormone Research

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This chapter addresses what is known about the endocrine system components growth hormone (GH)-insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis, thyroid axis, and prolactin relative to exercise and exercise training. Each one of these hormone axes contributes to the maintenance of homeostasis in the body through impact on a multitude of physiological systems. The homeostatic disruption of exercise causes differing responses in each hormone axis. GH levels increase with sufficient stimulation, and IGFs are released in response to GH from the anterior pituitary providing multiple roles including anabolic properties. Changes in the thyroid hormones T3 and T4 vary greatly with exercise, from increases/decreases to no change in levels across different exercise types, intensities and durations. These ambiguous findings could be due to numerous confounding factors (e.g. nutrition status) within the research. Prolactin increases proportionally to the intensity of the exercise. The magnitude may be augmented with extended durations; conflicting findings have been reported with resistance training. While the responses to exercise vary, it appears there may be overall adaptive and regenerative impacts on the body into recovery by these hormones through immune and tissue inflammatory responses/mediations. Nonetheless, well-designed exercise research studies are still needed on each of these hormones, especially thyroid hormones and prolactin.

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“…Interestingly, in both men and women who have undergone a training program, the drug-stimulated prolactin response is enhanced (i.e. pituitary challenge tests [52,53] ).…”

Section: Exercise Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth Hormone-Insulin-Like Growth Factor Axis, Thyroid Axis, Prolactin, and Exercise

Hackney

Davis²,

Lane³

2016

Frontiers of Hormone Research

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“…Alterations in lutropin and prolactin release have been an area of extensive research relative to the study of exercising women who develop reproductive dysfunction. Thus, the male-based research is being modeled on that in females [10,16,43,44]. An exaggerated prolactin release to an exogenous stimulus of drugs or synthetic hormones has been found in endurance-trained males with low testosterone.…”

Section: Basal Change -Response Findingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endurance Exercise Training and Reproductive Endocrine Dysfunction in Men Alterations in the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Testicular Axis

Hackney¹

2001

CPD

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Research indicates that endurance exercise training has significant effects upon the reproductive endocrine system of humans. Until recently, this effect was thought to be limited primarily to women. However, a growing body of evidence demonstrates that the male reproductive endocrine system is also effected. Specifically, the circulating hormonal levels of testosterone are found to be at low concentrations; and, the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis that regulates testosterone production is altered in endurance trained men. The physiological mechanism inducing the lower testosterone is currently unclear; but in many respects, these men display hypogonadotropic hypogonadism characteristics. Currently, the time course of the changes in the reproductive endocrine system is unresolved and in need of much furthers scientific investigation. The evidence available, however, suggests that a slowly developing process requiring years of exercise training results in these changes. Potentially, the lowered testosterone levels of the endurance-trained male could disrupt some of their anabolic or androgenic dependent processes. To date, there are only a limited number of findings suggesting that a consistent disruption of testosterone dependent processes occur due to endurance exercise training (e.g., oligo-spermatogenesis). Conversely, the alterations in testosterone concentration brought about by endurance training could have cardiovascular protective effects and thus be beneficial to the health of these men.

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“…In most (9)(10)(11)(12), but not all (13), studies among young athletic individuals, physical activity acutely increased prolactin concentrations, although levels returned to basal concentrations within 12 to 24 h (9). In two studies, prolactin concentrations increased when participants completed a maximal exercise test, but not when completing a submaximal test (10,14).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of a 12-Month Randomized Clinical Trial of Exercise on Serum Prolactin Concentrations in Postmenopausal Women

Tworoger

Sorensen

Chubak

et al. 2007

Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &Amp; Prevention

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Prolactin is associated with an increased risk of postmenopausal breast cancer; however, few modifiable factors are known to reduce prolactin concentrations. Therefore, we examined the effect of a 12-month moderate-intensity exercise intervention on serum prolactin concentrations as a secondary end point (primary end points were estrogens and androgens). We randomly assigned 173 postmenopausal women who were sedentary, overweight (body mass index >24 kg/m 2 , body fat >33%), ages 50 to 75 years, and not using hormone therapy to an exercise intervention or stretching control group. The intervention was facility-and homebased (45 min, 5 days/wk moderate-intensity sports/recreational exercise). One hundred and seventy (98%) women completed the study. Prolactin concentrations were similar at baseline (P = 0.25, geometric mean exercisers = 6.9 and controls = 7.5 ng/mL). Overall, the intervention was not associated with changes in prolactin concentrations between exercisers and controls at 3 months (P = 0.46) or 12 months (P = 0.29). The intervention effect did not vary by baseline age, body mass index, parity, or change in percent body fat during the intervention. Among exercisers, there was a significant difference in prolactin concentrations by change in fitness (VO 2 max) between baseline and 12 months. Exercisers whose VO 2 max changed by <5% had a 5% increase in prolactin concentrations, whereas those who increased their VO 2 max by 5% to 15% and >15% had a 11% (P = 0.03) and 7% (P = 0.01) decrease in prolactin concentrations, respectively. Although the exercise intervention had little effect on prolactin concentrations overall, increasing physical fitness was associated with reduced prolactin concentrations among postmenopausal women. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(5):895 -9)

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TProlactin Responses, Menstrual Cycles, and Body Composition of Women Runners*

Cited by 82 publications

References 13 publications

Growth Hormone-Insulin-Like Growth Factor Axis, Thyroid Axis, Prolactin, and Exercise

Growth Hormone-Insulin-Like Growth Factor Axis, Thyroid Axis, Prolactin, and Exercise

Endurance Exercise Training and Reproductive Endocrine Dysfunction in Men Alterations in the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Testicular Axis

Effect of a 12-Month Randomized Clinical Trial of Exercise on Serum Prolactin Concentrations in Postmenopausal Women

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