Trace Analysis of Potentially Carcinogenic Metabolites of an Azo Dye and Pigment in Hamster And Human Urine as Determined by Two Chromatographic Procedures

Abstract

Analytical chemical procedures are described for determining traces of possible metabolites of two azo compounds. Direct Black 38 and Pigment Yellow 12, in hamster urine and to monitor the urine from workers who may be occupationally exposed during the manufacture or use of the dye and pigment. These methods were required for metabolism studies designed to assess the hazards that may occur if the two compounds are converted by in vivo mechanisms to potential carcinogens. Salient elements of the procedure are: extraction of the free aromatic amines and neutral compounds; alkaline hydrolysis of the aqueous phase and extraction of any hydrolyzed conjugates as free amines, and the analysis of the free amines and acetylated metabolites directly by high pressure liquid chromatography or by electron capture gas chromatography after conversion of the amines to heptafluorobutyryl derivatives. Residues of metabolites in hamster and human urine were determined at levels as low as 1 ppb. Ancillary data concerning hydrolysis of diacetylated metabolites and partition values for possible metabolites in various solvent systems are also presented.

Electrochemical removal of the hazardous dye Reactofix Red 3 BFN from industrial effluents

“…Azo dyes give bright, high-intensity colors, much more so than the next most common dye class, anthraquinones [1][2][3][4]. The toxicity and carcinogenic nature of these dyes and their predecessors pose a threat to the environment [5][6][7][8][9]. Lethal levels may be reached, affecting aquatic systems and associated flora and fauna.…”

Metabolism of the benzidine-based azo dye Direct Black 38 by human intestinal microbiota

“…Experimental studies with rats, dogs, and hamsters have shown that animals administered BZ and BZ-congenerbased dyes excrete potentially carcinogenic aromatic amines and their N-acetylated derivatives in their urine (12,19,20). Also , when anaerobic bacterial suspensions isolated from monkey and rat feces and intestinal contents as well as from human feces were incubated with BZ and BZ-congenerbased dyes, reduction of the dyes and formation of their respective free amines were observed (4).…”

Sintesis MnO2 Lapisan Nipis Poros menggunakan Templat Silika Alumina-Aptes: Aplikasi Penjerapan Pewarna

“…Kewujudan pewarna organik sintetik dalam efluen walaupun hanya dalam kuantiti yang kecil dikatakan dapat mempengaruhi nilai estetik, kerana pewarna yang dihasilkan ini mempunyai warna yang sangat kuat. Selain itu juga, pewarna organik sintetik yang dihasilkan biasanya menggunakan bahan kimia yang toksik dan bersifat karsinogenik terhadap ekosistem akuatik dan kehidupan manusia secara amnya (Manning et al 1985;Nony & Bowman 1980). Kewujudan pewarna organik sintetik di dalam efluen merupakan satu perkara yang tidak diingini.…”