Trace level determination of trichloroethylene in biological samples by headspace solid‐phase microextraction gas chromatography/negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry

Abstract

A gas chromatography/negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry (GC/NCIMS) method using headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) was developed for the determination of trichloroethylene (TCE) in blood, liver, kidney, lung and brain. The method was optimized with respect to several parameters including extraction time, extraction temperature, desorption time and salt addition. The method showed good linearity over the range of 0.025-25 ng/mL in blood and 0.075-75 ng/g in tissues with correlation coefficient (R2) values higher than 0.99. The precision and accuracy for intra-day and inter-day measurements were less than 10%. The relative recoveries of all matrices were greater than 52%. Samples showed no significant loss during 8 h in the autosampler and following three freeze/thaw cycles. Validation results demonstrated that selected-ion monitoring of the 35Cl and 37Cl isotopes using NCI resulted in reliable and sensitive quantitation. This validated method was successfully applied to study the toxicokinetics of TCE following oral administration of extremely low doses of this potential human carcinogen to small test animals (rats).

In situ derivatization/solid‐phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography/negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry for the determination of trichloroethylene metabolites in rat blood

“…Sprague‐Dawley rats (n = 4) were gavaged with 1 mg/kg of TCE as an aqueous emulsion. Serial blood samples were collected and analyzed immediately for TCE using a previously developed method 47. Blood samples were then assayed for TCE metabolites using the presently reported derivatization SPME‐GC/MS method.…”

“…Blood samples from each rat (n = 4) were taken 2, 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, 120, 240, 360 and 480 min post‐dosing. Blood samples were analyzed immediately for TCE determination using a method developed previously 47. The samples to be analyzed for TCE metabolites were stored at 4°C until they could be analyzed (within 5 days).…”

Presystemic Elimination of Trichloroethylene in Rats Following Environmentally Relevant Oral Exposures

“…For lower doses (0.0001, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1.0 mg/kg), the MS was operated in negative chemical ionization mode (Liu et al, 2008a). For higher doses (2.5 mg/kg), the MS was operated in positive electron ionization mode (Liu et al, 2008b …”

Determination of trichloroethylene from adipose tissue by headspace solid‐phase microextraction gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

“…[1][2][3] The methods were applied to the analysis of TCE from blood and a variety of tissues. The results demonstrated that the kinetics of TCE in blood and the tissues liver, kidney, lung and brain were linear across dosing from 1 mg/kg to 0.0001 mg/kg, enabling improved cancer risk determination.…”

“…Several methods have been published describing the use of SPME for the analysis of TCE in biological samples. [1][2][3][16][17][18][19] However, no method is available for the determination of TCE from adipose tissue.…”