Trace metal concentrations measured in blood and urine of adolescents in Flanders, Belgium: Reference population and case studies Genk-Zuid and Menen

Vrijens, Jan; Leermakers, Martine; Stalpaert, Michel; Schoeters, Greet; Hond, Elly Den; Bruckers, Liesbeth; Colles, Ann; Nelen, Vera; Mieroop, Els Van Den; Larebeke, Nik van; Loots, Ilse; Baeyens, Willy

doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2013.10.001

Cited by 26 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…The accuracy of our U-Cd measurements was ascertained by the results of our participation to external quality assurance programs that showed a very good compliance with reference values. Our values of U-Cd (median, girls, 0.22 μg/L; boys, 0.24 μg/L) were almost identical to values in Belgian adolescents reported by us (mean age, 15.4 years; median, girls, 0.27 μg/L and boys, 0.24 μg/L) or by Vryens et al [ 40 ] (mean age, 14.8 years; geometric mean, 0.24 μg/L). Similar values were observed in children living in industrial areas in southwestern Spain (geometric mean, 0.22 μg/L) [ 7 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

The physiological determinants of low-level urine cadmium: an assessment in a cross-sectional study among schoolchildren

et al. 2017

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BackgroundRecent studies in children have reported associations of urinary cadmium (U-Cd), used as biomarker of Cd body burden, with renal dysfunction, retarded growth and impaired cognitive development in children. Little is known, however, about factors influencing U-Cd in children and likely to act as confounders.MethodsIn a cross-sectional study involving 249 schoolchildren (mean age, 5.72 years; 138 boys), we measured the urine concentrations of cadmium, zinc, lead, albumin, alpha1-microglobulin (A1M), retinol-binding protein, β2-microglobulin and club cell protein (CC16). Determinants of U-Cd expressed per creatinine or adjusted to specific gravity were identified by multiple regression analyses.ResultsGirls and boys had similar median concentrations of U-Cd (0.22 and 0.24 μg/L, 0.33 and 0.35 μg/g creatinine, respectively). When models were run without including creatinine or specific gravity among independent variables, urinary zinc, urinary A1M and age emerged as the strongest predictors of U-Cd expressed per g creatinine or adjusted to SG. When adding creatinine among predictors, urinary creatinine emerged as an additional strong predictor correlating negatively with U-Cd per g creatinine. This strong residual influence of diuresis, not seen when adding specific gravity among predictors, linked U-Cd to U-A1M or U-CC16 through secondary associations mimicking those induced by Cd nephrotoxity.ConclusionsIn young children U-Cd largely varies with diuresis, zinc metabolism and urinary A1M. These physiological determinants, unrelated to Cd body burden, may confound the child renal and developmental outcomes associated with low-level U-Cd.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

The physiological determinants of low-level urine cadmium: an assessment in a cross-sectional study among schoolchildren

et al. 2017

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“…However, nickel in urine was associated with the number of puffs in EC-only users after controlling for age, BMI and sex. Nevertheless, the effect for nickel might be overshadowed by environmental exposure since nickel was found in urine at a relatively higher level compared to other studies [21,22,28]. The effect of smoking habits on urine nickel levels is questioned and in many studies it was independent of this factor compared to our study.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 86%

“…The effect of smoking habits on urine nickel levels is questioned and in many studies it was independent of this factor compared to our study. Chromium in urine was found in the low range of the existing concentrations for this metal, indicating a low possibility of substantial exposure to chromium from e-cigarette use [21,28].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Metal Concentration Assessment in the Urine of Cigarette Smokers Who Switched to Electronic Cigarettes: A Pilot Study

Prokopowicz

Sobczak

Szdzuj

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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Background: E-cigarettes (ECs) seem to be a less harmful alternative for conventional cigarettes, however, very little is still known about the exposure to some elements, which are the components of this device and may contaminate the nicotine liquid. The aim of this study is to assess whether e-cigarette users are more exposed to 12 elements detected in aerosol than non-smokers and conventional cigarette smokers, using their concentrations in urine as exposure biomarkers. Methods: A cross-sectional, group-based survey was carried out using 90 volunteers classified into groups of non-smokers, EC-only users, dual EC users-cigarette smokers and cigarette-only smokers. Using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS), Cr, Ni, Co, Ag, In, Mn, Ba, Sr, V, Sb, Cd and Pb levels were measured in spot urine samples. Among the selected groups, a comparison was made using the analysis of covariance and correlations with EC usage pattern were assessed by multiple linear regression. Results: Element concentrations in urine of EC-users were not significantly different from the levels found in non-smokers and smokers. Only in the case of Ba, Ni and Sb was a significant correlation found in relation to some e-cigarette usage patterns. Conclusion: Transfer of the investigated elements to the EC aerosol was not found to be a substantial source of exposure in EC users who quitted smoking.

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“…Covariates (education level), however, were only kept in the model when their effects on the element concentration were observable. Table 4 gives an overview of different elements and their confounding factors for urine samples that are taken into account (Vrijens et al, 2014). The correction causes some variations on p-values.…”

Section: Descriptive Statistics Of the Metal Concentrationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Levels of rare earth elements, heavy metals and uranium in a population living in Baiyun Obo, Inner Mongolia, China: A pilot study

Hao

et al. 2015

Chemosphere

100

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h i g h l i g h t sRepresenting the first human biomonitoring study carried out in Baiyun Obo deposit. Levels of urinary REE, HMs and U were obtained in a population living in Baiyun Obo. HMs and U in the population increased concomitantly with increasing REE levels. Individual factors such as gender and age contributing to the inter-individual variation. Males and people in the young group were more sensitive to REE, HMs and U exposure. t r a c tThe Baiyun Obo deposit is the world's largest rare earth elements (REE) deposit. We aimed to investigate levels of REE, heavy metals (HMs) and uranium (U) based on morning urine samples in a population in Baiyun Obo and to assess the possible influence of rare earth mining processes on human exposure. In the mining area, elevated levels were found for the sum of the concentrations of light REE (LREE) and heavy REE (HREE) with mean values at 3.453 and 1.151 lg g À1 creatinine, which were significantly higher than those in the control area. Concentrations of HMs and U in the population increased concomitantly with increasing REE levels. The results revealed that besides REE, HMs and U were produced with REE exploitation. Gender, age, educational level, alcohol and smoking habit were major factors contributing to inter-individual variation. Males were more exposed to these metals than females. Concentrations in people in the senior age group and those with only primary education were low. Drinking and smoking were associated with the levels of LREE, Cr, Cu, Cd and Pb in morning urine. Hence this study provides basic and useful information when addressing public and environmental health challenges in the areas where REE are mined and processed.

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Trace metal concentrations measured in blood and urine of adolescents in Flanders, Belgium: Reference population and case studies Genk-Zuid and Menen

Cited by 26 publications

References 27 publications

The physiological determinants of low-level urine cadmium: an assessment in a cross-sectional study among schoolchildren

The physiological determinants of low-level urine cadmium: an assessment in a cross-sectional study among schoolchildren

Metal Concentration Assessment in the Urine of Cigarette Smokers Who Switched to Electronic Cigarettes: A Pilot Study

Levels of rare earth elements, heavy metals and uranium in a population living in Baiyun Obo, Inner Mongolia, China: A pilot study

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