Trace metals in resuspended fraction of settled bus dust and assessment of non-occupational exposure

Heavy metals in private car dusts collected from Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Gambang Campus: Contamination and human health risks

“…Overall, the mean concentrations of heavy metals decreased in the following order: Fe (645±480 mg/kg) > Zn (164±110 mg/kg) > Cu (76.2±18.5 mg/kg) > Pb (39.2±99.1 mg/kg) > Ni (6.39±8.30 mg/kg) > Cr (3.42±5.90 mg/kg) > Cd (1.37±2.09 mg/kg). The levels of heavy metal measured in the present study were less than one-half of that reported for settled bus dust [17], which facilitates a large number of passenger flow. High level of Fe in car dust was expected since it is one of the major components of the Earth's crust.…”

“…The HI values decreased in the following order: Pb > Cu > Cr > Fe > Zn, Cd > Ni. A similar order of HI values (Pb > Cr > Cd > Ni) was reported for settled bus dust exposure in China [17], while a decreasing trend of Zn > Cr > Ni was reported for private car dust exposure in South Africa [16]. However, HQ and HI values in the present study were much higher due to differences in parameters used for average daily dose assessment (ADD), therefore these data must be interpreted with caution.…”

“…Without realizing, people could have exposed to contaminants associated with vehicle interior dust. Much of the current literature on in-vehicle air quality pays particular attention to PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 (particulate matter smaller than 10, 2.5 and 1 µm, respectively) [13][14][15], whilst only a few studies focusing on heavy metal contamination in private car dust [16] and settled bus dust [17,18] have been reported. Therefore, the specific aims of this study were to (1) investigate the levels of selected heavy metals in private car dust collected from Universiti Malaysia Pahang; (2) estimate exposure risks associated with the private car dust via ingestion, inhalation and dermal absorption.…”

Trace elements in indoor dust—Children's health risk considering overall daily exposure

“…However, studies including the assessment of exposure to trace elements found in dust from private cars are lacking. Several authors analyzed trace metals in settled bus dust and found that Pb and Cr may pose non‐carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks to child commuters who commute every day 64,65 …”

Use of simulated epithelial lung fluid in assessing the human health risk of Pb in urban street dust

“…Lead is one of the most enriched metals in urban particulate matter (De Silva et al, 2016;Goix et al, 2016;Laidlaw et al, 2012;Lei et al, 2016;Sharma and Pervez, 2003;Xu et al, 2012;Zereini et al, 2005) and despite the phasing out of Pb in fuel in many countries around the world it continues to be a potentially harmful element (PHE) of concern in the urban environment. Lead is a well-known neurotoxin, with exposure leading to neurobehavioural effects in children (e.g.…”