Trace mineral source influences ruminal distribution of copper and zinc and their binding strength to ruminal digesta1,2,3

The chemical characteristics associated with different sources of Cu, Zn, and Mn such as sulfate, hydroxychloride, or organic chelate may affect the interaction between the metals and other components present within the gut of a ruminant (i.e., microorganisms and nutrients). The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of different supplemental trace mineral strategies on apparent total-tract digestibility, rumen fermentation, and dairy productivity. Using 52 Holstein cows in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with periods of 21 d, 4 treatments differing in their sources of Cu, Zn, and Mn were tested: sulfate form, hydroxychloride form, a mix of sulfate and organic chelate forms (70 and 30%, respectively), and a mix of hydroxychloride and organic chelate forms (70 and 30%, respectively). Treatments were formulated to provide 15, 40, and 20 mg of supplemental Cu, Zn, and Mn, respectively, per kilogram of dry matter. This level of supplementation, together with the basal level present in forages and feed ingredients, resulted in a total average supply of 19, 79, and 84 mg of Cu, Zn, and Mn, respectively, per kilogram of dry matter. Cows had ad libitum access to a total mixed ration, which provided 15.3% of crude protein, 21.7% of starch, and 35.3% of neutral detergent fiber (NDF). Data were summarized by period with trace minerals and period as fixed effects and the repeated cow as random effect using the MIXED procedure of SAS (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). Apparent totaltract NDF and crude protein digestibility was reduced (−0.8% and −1.0%, respectively) when organic chelate trace minerals were fed, whereas apparent total-tract NDF digestibility was improved (+0.8%) when sulfate trace minerals were replaced by hydroxychloride trace minerals. Cows supplemented with the hydroxychloride source had lower ruminal butyric acid concentration compared with cows fed sulfate trace minerals (13.3 vs. 14.6%). In addition, fat-and protein-corrected milk and milk fat yields were improved (+1.0 kg/d and +51 g/d, respectively) in multiparous cows when trace minerals were supplemented as hydroxychloride compared with sulfate. These effects were not observed in primiparous cows. These results confirm that trace mineral sources affect apparent total-tract digestibility and indicate that milk productivity may also be affected.

Section: Apparent Total-tract Digestibilitysupporting

confidence: 67%

Section: Apparent Total-tract Digestibilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Total-tract digestibility and milk productivity of dairy cows as affected by trace mineral sources

Daniel¹,

Kvidera

Martín-Tereso³

2020

“…Using an in vitro study, Martinez and Church (1970) found that at low doses (5 mg/L), Zn increased cellulose digestibility, whereas at high doses, it decreased cellulose digestibility (20 mg/L). Moreover, Zn-Met was also reported to have a negative effect on nutrient digestibility compared with inorganic Zn (Caldera et al, 2019). Thus, it was expected that Zn-Met supplementation would have a negative effect on nutrient digestibility.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of prepartum zinc-methionine supplementation on feed digestibility, rumen fermentation patterns, immunity status, and passive transfer of immunity in dairy cows

Chen

Shen

et al. 2020

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of prepartum supplementation of zinc-methionine (Zn-Met) on feed digestibility, rumen fermentation patterns, and immunity status in dams and passive immunity transfer in their calves. A randomized complete design was used in this study. Forty multiparous Holstein dairy cows in late pregnancy (60 d before the expected calving date) were blocked by parity (2.1 ± 0.3), body weight (651 ± 52 kg), and expected calving date, and randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments. Cows were supplemented with Zn as Zn-Met at 0, 20, 40, or 60 mg/kg of dry matter (DM) from 60 d before expected calving date to the calving day. Though the nutrient digestibility was not affected by Zn supplementation, DM intake, Zn digestibility, and Zn deposition increased linearly with increasing Zn-Met supplementation. Ruminal pH and molar proportion of individual volatile fatty acids were similar, whereas a linear decrease and increase were observed in ruminal ammonia and microbial crude protein concentration, respectively, with increasing Zn-Met supplementation. Maternal serum concentration of alkaline phosphatase, carboxypeptidase, Cu and Zn superoxide dismutase, and total antioxidant capacity were greater in cows supplemented with >40 mg of Zn/kg of DM compared with the control group. With increasing Zn-Met supplementation, maternal blood concentration of IL-1 decreased linearly, whereas IL-2 and IL-6 increased linearly, and no differences were observed in IL-4. Concentration of nonesterified fatty acids and β-hydroxybutyric acids in maternal blood was similar between treatments. No difference was observed in colostrum composition with increasing Zn-Met supplementation. Concentration of Zn and immunoglobulins (including IgA, IgG, and IgM) in maternal blood did not differ among treatments. However, Zn concentration in colostrum and blood of calves increased linearly. The concentration of IgA and IgM in colostrum increased linearly with increasing Zn-Met supplementation, whereas no differences in immunoglobulins were observed in calf blood. In conclusion, Zn supplementation as Zn-Met at 40 of mg/kg of DM may improve antioxidant activity of dam and potentially increase passive immunity transfer in calves.

“…Earlier research has shown that Zn from hydroxy and sulfate sources has variable solubility (Cao et al, 2000;Genther and Hansen, 2015). However, a recent study reported that Zn sulfate had greater rumen solubility than Zn hydroxychloride (Caldera et al, 2019). Feeding sulfate sources of Cu, Mn, and Zn minerals decreased total-tract NDF digestibility compared with hydroxy Cu, Mn, and Zn minerals in forage-and byproduct-based dairy cattle diets .…”

Section: Evaluation Of Source Of Corn Silage and Trace Minerals On Lactational Performance And Total-tract Nutrient Digestibility In Holsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Evaluation of source of corn silage and trace minerals on lactational performance and total-tract nutrient digestibility in Holstein cows

Miller

Lanier

Kvidera

et al. 2020

We evaluated the effects of source of corn silage and trace minerals on lactational performance and totaltract digestibility (TTD) of nutrients in 16 Holstein cows averaging 82 (standard error = 3) days in milk in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments with 28-d periods. The diets consisted [dry matter (DM) basis] of 55% conventional (CON) or brown midrib-3 (BM3) corn silage, 2% chopped wheat straw, and 43% grain mix with either sulfate (STM) or hydroxy (HTM) sources of copper, manganese, and zinc trace minerals. The targeted supplemental concentrations of copper, zinc, and manganese were 194, 1,657, and 687 mg/d, respectively. The dietary treatments were CON-STM, CON-HTM, BM3-STM, and BM3-HTM. The dietary nutrient composition of the BM3 diets averaged 32.1% amylase neutral detergent fiber on an organic matter basis (aNDFom) and 6.9% undigested neutral detergent fiber at 240 h (uNDF240om; % of DM), and CON diets averaged 36.2% aNDFom and 8.6% uNDF240om (% of DM). The average supplemental concentrations of copper, zinc, and manganese for the STM diets were 10, 41, and 64 mg/kg, respectively, and the average supplemental concentrations of copper, zinc, and manganese for the HTM diets were 10, 40, and 62 mg/kg, respectively. The average total dietary concentrations of copper, zinc, and manganese for the STM diets were 17, 104, and 60 mg/kg, respectively, and the average total dietary concentrations of copper, zinc, and manganese for the HTM diets were 17, 91, and 66 mg/ kg, respectively. Data were summarized by period and analyzed as a replicated Latin square design with fixed model effects for corn silage, trace minerals, corn silage × trace mineral interaction, period within replicated square, and replicated square using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Cow within replicated square was a random effect. Cows fed the BM3 diets had greater dry matter intake (DMI) and milk yield (28.1 and 47.0 kg/d) than cows fed the CON diets (27.5 and 44.7 kg/d). We found no significant interaction between corn silage and trace minerals for DMI and milk yield. Cows fed the HTM diets (28.1 kg/d) had a greater DMI than cows fed the STM diets (27.5 kg/d). Cows fed the BM3 diets had greater TTD of DM and OM (72.8 and 74.1% of DM) than cows fed the CON diets (71.1 and 72.3% of DM). Cows fed the HTM diets had a tendency for greater TTD of aNDFom than cows fed the STM diets (56.8 vs. 54.9% of DM). Cows fed the CON diets ruminated longer during the day than cows fed the BM3 diets (524 vs. 496 min/d). Corn silage with greater NDF digestibility and lower uNDF240om enhanced DMI, milk yield, and TTD of DM and OM, and hydroxy trace minerals improved DMI and tended to improve TTD of aNDFom. The source of corn silage and trace minerals should be taken into consideration when formulating diets for high-producing dairy cows.