Traceable measurements of harmonic (2 to 150) kHz emissions in smart grids: uncertainty calculation

Istrate, Daniela; Amaripadath, Deepak; Toutain, Etienne; Roche, Robin; Gao, Fei

doi:10.5194/jsss-9-375-2020

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…However, additional methods based on different techniques have been developed and presented in the scientific literature. These methods provide different accuracy and resolution associated with both amplitude and frequency of HFD [1,21,22,42,52]. The different accuracy and resolution of HFD measurement methods can be attributed to the following causes:…”

Section: Measurement Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As regards the specific area of HFD, accurate measurement methods and indices for their quantification have been included into in-force international standards such as IEC 61000-4-7 [5] and IEC 61000-4-30 [20]. In addition, suitable measurement techniques have been proposed in the scientific literature to measure HFD [21,22]. For instance, Digital CISPR [23], Light-QP [24], and matrix pencil methods [25] are some of the proposed methods that provide different approaches to measure HFD, which differ from each other in computational resources, accuracy, and immunity to noise [1,26].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Power Grids and Instrument Transformers up to 150 kHz: A Review of Literature and Standards

Agazar,

D’Avanzo,

Frigo

et al. 2024

Sensors

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The phenomenon of high-frequency distortion (HFD) in the electric grids, at both low-voltage (LV) and medium-voltage (MV) levels, is gaining increasing interest within the scientific and technical community due to its growing occurrence and the associated impact. These disturbances are mainly injected into the grid by new installed devices, essential for achieving decentralized generation based on renewable sources. In fact, these generation systems are connected to the grid through power converters, whose switching frequencies are significantly increasing, leading to a corresponding rise in the frequency of the injected disturbances. HFD represents a quite recent issue, but numerous scientific papers have been published in recent years on this topic. Furthermore, various international standards have also covered it, to provide guidance on instrumentation and related algorithms and indices for the measurement of these phenomena. When measuring HFD in MV grids, it is necessary to use instrument transformers (ITs) to scale voltages and currents to levels fitting with the input stages of power quality (PQ) instruments. In this respect, the recently released Edition 2 of the IEC 61869-1 standard extends the concept of the IT accuracy class up to 500 kHz; however, the IEC 61869 standard family provides guidelines on how to test ITs only at power frequency. This paper provides an extensive review of literature, standards, and the main outputs of European research projects focusing on HFD and ITs. This preliminary study of the state-of-the-art represents an essential starting point for defining significant waveforms to test ITs and, more generally, to achieve a comprehensive understanding of HFD. In this framework, this paper provides a summary of the most common ranges of amplitude and frequency variations of actual HFD found in real grids, the currently adopted measurement methods, and the normative open challenges to be addressed.

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Section: Measurement Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Power Grids and Instrument Transformers up to 150 kHz: A Review of Literature and Standards

Agazar,

D’Avanzo,

Frigo

et al. 2024

Sensors

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In the absence of reference standards, there exist no compliance limits. Nonetheless, based on the recent literature [12], a reasonable target for supraharmonic estimation might be AE < 2%, FE < 200 Hz, TE < 5% (11) whereas the RMSE should account for the energy of the additive (typically, uncorrelated) measurement noise.…”

Section: Algorithm 1 Supraharmonic Estimation Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For this reason, the recent project SupraEMI from the European Metrology Project for Innovation and Research (EMPIR) has been investigating the rigorous characterization of supraharmonic components in the laboratory and real-world conditions [10]. In this way, it will be possible to develop a proper standardization not only of rigorous and reproducible measurement procedures but also of realistic emission limits and uncertainty budgets [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Supraharmonic Dynamic Phasors: Estimation of Time-Varying Emissions

Frigo

Braun

2022

IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas.

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In this article, we present a new method for the identification and estimation of supraharmonic components, and we validate its performance in plausible operating conditions, as inspired by real-world acquisitions. The method consists of three consecutive stages: a high-pass filter to remove the fundamental component, a support recovery routine based on the compressive sensing theory, and a Taylor-Fourier multifrequency model for the estimation of the dynamic phasor associated with each supraharmonic component. The method performance is thoroughly validated through extensive numerical simulations. In the presence of stationary emissions, we characterize the minimum resolution in terms of component frequency and amplitude. On the other hand, an experimental test bench enables us to evaluate the method's robustness in the presence of pulsating and distorted emissions. The proposed results confirm the potential of the proposed method and highlight the space for future enhancement.

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“…In this context, measurements are playing an increasingly important role [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. It is essential to monitor continuously not only the usual quantities, such as voltage, current, active power, and reactive power, but also all the parameters related to power quality.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Measurements for Smart Grids

2023

ijSmartGrid

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The management of smart grids requires advanced and complex measuring systems because of the continuous development of electricity production, transmission, and distribution systems. These measurement systems, because of their complexity, are only based on analog-to-digital conversion. To characterise the quality of such measurements, it is necessary to evaluate their measurement uncertainty. With this aim, this paper presents an approach based on the Monte Carlo method. By using a specially designed simulator and inputting the characteristics of the employed transducers and analog-to-digital converters, the method allows not only estimating uncertainties but also getting the probability density functions associated with measurements. The proposed method can easily estimate the impact of different sources of error on the measurement uncertainty, allowing for the proper design of the measurement system and the proper choice of transducers and analog-to-digital converters.

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Traceable measurements of harmonic (2 to 150) kHz emissions in smart grids: uncertainty calculation

Cited by 7 publications

References 6 publications

Power Grids and Instrument Transformers up to 150 kHz: A Review of Literature and Standards

Power Grids and Instrument Transformers up to 150 kHz: A Review of Literature and Standards

Supraharmonic Dynamic Phasors: Estimation of Time-Varying Emissions

Characterization of Measurements for Smart Grids

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