Tracheal stenosis complicated with tracheoesophageal fistula

Abstract

The method of choice of the surgical treatment of TEF associated with TS is a single-stage procedure in the patient who respires spontaneously.

Dysphagia due to tuberculosis

“…Oesophagoscopy may reveal the fistula, however, the fistula can be overlooked in the mucosal folds of the oesophagus [19].…”

Surgical Management of Benign Acquired Tracheoesophageal Fistulas: A Ten-Year Experience

“…The success rates after surgical treatment of benign acquired TEFs vary according to the literature (Table 5), and fistula recurrence rates of up to 11% have been reported [1,2,5,11,9,[12][13][14]. Although there are no published predictors for TEF recurrence, previous attempted repairs, prior esophagectomy, and laryngectomy seem to be associated with poor outcomes [2,12].…”

“…A myriad of techniques have been described to treat a TEF [5,9,12,13]. Nonetheless, the procedure described by Grillo and colleagues [15], with resection of the stenotic segment (when present), primary tracheal anastomosis, and two-layer esophageal repair is the most straightforward [9,12,14]. It does not require extensive tissue devascularization, allows complete exposure of the entire tracheoesophageal damage, and the recurrent laryngeal nerves are less likely to be injured [9].…”

Surgery and perioperative management for post-intubation tracheoesophageal fistula: case series analysis

“…However, some authors have described these disadvantages from delayed treatment (13). Therefore, the choice of surgical technique is still a matter of debate (14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20). That is, PITEF repair can be carried out by direct suturing through a transtracheal approach, or through a lateral exposure of the fistula, without tracheal division.…”