Trachoma and Ocular Chlamydial Infection in  the Era of Genomics

Derrick, Tamsyn; Last, Anna; Burr, Sarah E.; Holland, Martin J.

doi:10.1155/2015/791847

Cited by 27 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 256 publications

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“…CT infections are also responsible for trachoma-associated blindness (Derrick et al, 2015) and for lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV), a systemic infection characterized in Western countries by outbreaks of symptomatic ulcerative procto-colitis mainly in MSM (de Vrieze & de Vries, 2014;Foschi et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chlamydia trachomatis infection prevalence and serovar distribution in a high-density urban area in the north of Italy

Foschi

Nardini

Banzola

et al. 2016

Journal of Medical Microbiology

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The aim of this study was to assess Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) infection prevalence and serovar distribution in a high-density urban area in the north of Italy, by comparing different groups of subjects divided on the basis of the type of care provider they referred to (STI Clinic, gynaecologists or general practitioners). From January 2011 to May 2014, all the specimens submitted to the Microbiology Laboratory of St Orsola Hospital in Bologna for CT detection were tested by PCR assay. For positive specimens, molecular genotyping based on RFLP analysis was performed. Total prevalence of CT infection was 8.1 %, with significant differences between subgroups (P<0.01) but stable during the study period. The STI Clinic was mainly responsible for CT diagnosis, whereas the lowest infection prevalence was detected in gynaecological clinics, despite the high number of tests performed. Extra-genital samples were almost exclusively collected from males at the STI Clinic. Interestingly, 13.3 % of patients providing extra-genital specimens were positive for CT on rectal and/or pharyngeal swabs, and 4.4 % of cases would have been missed if extra-genital sites had not been tested. The most common serovar was E, and serovar distribution was influenced by gender (P<0.01), age (P<0.01), care provider (P=0.01) and anatomical site (P<0.01). The L2 serovar was detected only in extragenital samples from males at the STI Clinic. Knowledge about care providers' contributions in CT testing and diagnosis is essential for infection control. CT typing is crucial for appropriate management of specific infections, such as lymphogranuloma venereum in extra-genital samples of high-risk populations.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chlamydia trachomatis infection prevalence and serovar distribution in a high-density urban area in the north of Italy

Foschi

Nardini

Banzola

et al. 2016

Journal of Medical Microbiology

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“…A number of host and pathogen factors appear to determine the disease outcomes following chlamydial infections, and these have been discussed in context of trachoma, infertility, and atherosclerosis in detail in recent review articles (Campbell and Rosenfeld 2015; Taylor et al 2014; Derrick et al 2015; O’Meara et al 2014a; Menon et al 2015; Sessa et al 2014). We will focus our discussion to emphasize the literature pertaining to the role of adaptive immunity in immunopathogenesis of chlamydial infections.…”

Section: Chlamydial Immunopathogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These have been recently reviewed in detail (Derrick et al 2015; O’Meara et al 2014a; Menon et al 2015). …”

Section: Role Of Components Of Innate Immune System In Chlamydial Pmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Upon removal of the stressor, there is evidence that the organism may return to its replicating state. For the most part, evidence has suggested that a potent Th1 cytokine environment is essential to curtail the infection (Derrick et al 2015; O’Meara et al 2014a; Menon et al 2015). Mice deficient in interleukin-10, a Th2 cytokine displayed superior clearance of lung C. trachomatis infection and a robust Th1-type DTH response and these changes could be reversed by local delivery of recombinant IL-10 (Yang et al 1999).…”

Section: Role Of Components Of Adaptive Immune System In Chlamydialmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The vast majority of insights come from studies of trachoma and female reproductive tract disease, and relatively few come from studies of atherosclerosis, asthma, and arthritis. Recently, issues related to immunopathogenesis of trachoma (Taylor et al 2014; Derrick et al 2015) and genital tract infections (O’Meara et al 2014a) have been comprehensively reviewed. We will draw upon literature from multiple Chlamydia disease models and discuss the role of immune responses in pathogenesis of Chlamydia -induced disease.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Immunopathogenesis of Chlamydial Infections

Murthy¹,

Li²,

Ramsey

2016

Biology of Chlamydia

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Chlamydial infections lead to a number of clinically relevant diseases and induce significant morbidity in human populations. It is generally understood that certain components of the host immune response to infection also mediate such disease pathologies. A clear understanding of pathogenic mechanisms will enable us to devise better preventive and/or intervention strategies to mitigate the morbidity caused by these infections. Over the years, numerous studies have been conducted to explore the immunopathogenic mechanisms of Chlamydia-induced diseases of the eye, reproductive tract, respiratory tract, and cardiovascular systems. In this article, we provide an overview of the diseases caused by Chlamydia, animal models used to study disease pathology, and a historical context to the efforts to understand chlamydial pathogenesis. Furthermore, we discuss recent findings regarding pathogenesis, with an emphasis on the role of the adaptive immune response in the development of chlamydial disease sequelae. Finally, we summarize the key insights obtained from studies of chlamydial pathogenesis and avenues that remain to be explored in order to inform the next steps of vaccine development against chlamydial infections.

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Chlamydia trachomatis: Protective Adaptive Responses and Prospects for a Vaccine

Poston¹,

Darville²

2016

Biology of Chlamydia

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Chlamydia trachomatis is the most common cause of sexually transmitted bacterial infection globally. These infections translate to a significant public health burden, particularly women's healthcare costs due to serious disease sequelae such as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), tubal factor infertility, chronic pelvic pain, and ectopic pregnancy. There is no evidence that natural immunity can provide complete, long-term protection necessary to prevent chronic pathology, making human vaccine development critical. Vaccine design will require careful consideration of protective versus pathological host-response mechanisms in concert with elucidation of optimal antigens and adjuvants. Evidence suggests that a Th1 response, facilitated by IFN-γ-producing CD4 T cells, will be instrumental in generating long-term, sterilizing immunity. Although the role of antibodies is not completely understood, they have exhibited a protective effect by enhancing chlamydial clearance. Future work will require investigation of broadly neutralizing antibodies and antibody-augmented cellular immunity to successfully design a vaccine that potently elicits both arms of the immune response. Sterilizing immunity is the ultimate goal. However, vaccine-induced partial immunity that prevents upper genital tract infection and inflammation would be cost-effective compared to current screening and treatment strategies. In this chapter, we examine evidence from animal and human studies demonstrating protective adaptive immune responses to Chlamydia and discuss future challenges and prospects for vaccine development.

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Trachoma and Ocular Chlamydial Infection in the Era of Genomics

Cited by 27 publications

References 256 publications

Chlamydia trachomatis infection prevalence and serovar distribution in a high-density urban area in the north of Italy

Chlamydia trachomatis infection prevalence and serovar distribution in a high-density urban area in the north of Italy

Immunopathogenesis of Chlamydial Infections

Chlamydia trachomatis: Protective Adaptive Responses and Prospects for a Vaccine

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