Tracing the formation and modification of the Keketale VMS-type Pb-Zn deposit, Altai Mountains: Insights from ore deposit geology, geochronology, and magnetite geochemistry

Sun, Chenguang; Yang, Xiaoyong; Zhang, Huishan; Ji, Wenhua; Chen, Bo; Dong, Zhiwen; Faisal, Mohamed; Xi, Dehua

doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2022.104852

Cited by 9 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 90 publications

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“…Instead our petrographic studies suggest that magnetite in the metamorphosed altered rocks has a metamorphic origin because it contains inclusions of sulfides and silicates. Similar inclusions were identified by Makvandi et al (2016a) and Sun et al (2022) in metamorphic magnetite from the regionally metamorphosed Izok Lake Zn–Pb–Cu–Ag and Keketal Pb–Zn VMS deposits, respectively. Moreover, magnetite in the Colorado deposits is intergrown with orthoamphibole and gahnite, which are both metamorphic minerals.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

“…magnetite-bearing ore deposits including Ni–Cu–PGE, banded iron formation (BIF), iron oxide–Cu–Au (IOCG), skarn, porphyry Cu, Fe–REE–Nb, Cu–Au–Fe, iron oxide–apatite, and volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits (VMS)) as has been shown by Dupuis and Beaudoin (2011) and Bédard et al (2022). Of these deposit types, there is a general paucity of trace-element information for minerals from metamorphosed VMS deposits, with magnetite being the exception for which several studies have been undertaken (Singoyi et al , 2006; Kamvong et al , 2007; Dupuis and Beaudoin, 2011; Makvandi et al , 2013; 2016a, 2016b; Maghfouri et al , 2021; Bédard et al , 2022; Sun et al , 2022). Makvandi et al (2016a) in evaluating 15 VMS deposits showed that the composition of magnetite was related to the composition of the host bedrocks, parental magma, coexisting minerals, temperature of the ore fluid and oxygen fugacity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The trace-element compositions of amphibole, magnetite and ilmenite as potential exploration guides to metamorphosed Proterozoic Cu–Zn±Pb±Au±Ag volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits in Colorado, USA

Spry,

Berke,

Layton-Matthews

et al. 2023

MinMag

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Orthoamphibole, clinoamphibole and magnetite are common minerals in altered rocks associated spatially with Palaeoproterozoic volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits in Colorado, USA and metamorphosed to the amphibolite facies. These altered rocks are dominated by the assemblage orthoamphibole (anthophyllite/gedrite)–cordierite–magnetite±gahnite±sulfides. Magnetite also occurs in granitoids, banded iron formations, quartz garnetite, and in metallic mineralisation consisting of semi-massive pyrite, pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, and sphalerite with subordinate galena, gahnite and magnetite; amphibole also occurs in amphibolite. The precursor to the anthophyllite/gedrite–cordierite assemblages was probably the assemblage quartz–chlorite formed from hydrothermal ore-bearing fluids (~250° to 400°C) associated with the formation of metallic minerals in the massive sulfide deposits. Element–element variation diagrams for amphibole, magnetite and ilmenite based on LA-ICP-MS data and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for orthoamphiboles and magnetite show a broad range of compositions which are primarily dependent upon the nature of the host rock associated spatially with the deposits. Although discrimination plots of Al/(Zn+Ca) vs Cu/(Si+Ca) and Sn/Ga vs Al/Co for magnetite do not indicate a VMS origin, the concentration of Al+Mn together with Ti+V and Sn vs Ti support a hydrothermal rather than a magmatic origin for magnetite. Principal Component Analyses also show that magnetite and orthoamphibole in metamorphosed altered rocks and sulfide zones have distinctive eigenvalues that allow them to be used as prospective pathfinders for VMS deposits in Colorado. This, in conjunction with the contents of Zn and Al in magnetite, Zn and Pb in amphibole, ilmenite and magnetite, the Cu content of orthoamphibole and ilmenite, and possibly the Ga and Sn concentrations of magnetite constitute effective exploration vectors.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The trace-element compositions of amphibole, magnetite and ilmenite as potential exploration guides to metamorphosed Proterozoic Cu–Zn±Pb±Au±Ag volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits in Colorado, USA

Spry,

Berke,

Layton-Matthews

et al. 2023

MinMag

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“…Silver (Ag), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) are widely developed in different genetic types of deposits [1][2][3]. The Ag-Pb-Zn deposits in the world can be divided into the following genetic types: (1) volcanic-hosted massive sulfide (VHMS or VMS) deposit [4][5][6]; (2) sedimentary exhalative (SEDEX) deposit [7][8][9]; (3) carbonate-hosted Mississippi Valley type (MVT) deposit [10]; (4) skarn-type deposit [11][12][13]; (5) magmatic-hydrothermal vein-type deposit [14,15]; and (6) epithermal deposit [16][17][18]. In addition, a few researchers have identified porphyry-type Ag-Pb-Zn deposits [19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genesis of the Supergiant Shuangjianzishan Ag–Pb–Zn Deposit in the Southern Great Xing’an Range, NE China: Constraints from Geochronology, Isotope Geochemistry, and Fluid Inclusion

Shi,

Wu,

Chen

et al. 2024

Minerals

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The supergiant Shuangjianzishan (SJS) Ag–Pb–Zn deposit, located in the southern Great Xing’an Range (SGXR), is the largest Ag deposit in China. The SJS deposit can be divided into two ore blocks: the Shuangjianzishan ore block and the Xinglongshan ore block. Given the importance of the Xinglongshan ore block in the SJS deposit, our work is focused on the Xinglongshan ore block. The vein orebodies in the Xionglongshan ore block mainly occur in the NW-, NNW-, and NNE-trending fault zones, and its mineralization is mainly related to a deep concealed syenogranite. Here, we present new geochronology, isotope geochemistry, and fluid inclusion data for the Xinglongshan ore block and provide additional insights into the metallogenic mechanism of the deposit. The dating results show that the syenogranite related to the mineralization formed at approximately 137 Ma, which is coherent with some previous age determinations in sulfides from the ore deposit. The mineralization of the Xinglongshan ore block can be divided into four stages: sphalerite–arsenopyrite–pyrite–chalcopyrite–quartz stage (stage I), sphalerite–galena–pyrite–silver-bearing mineral–quartz stage (stage II), sphalerite–galena–silver-bearing mineral–quartz–calcite stage (stage III), and weakly mineralized quartz–calcite stage (stage IV). Four types of fluid inclusions (FIs) have been identified within quartz and calcite veins: liquid-rich, gas-rich, pure-liquid, and pure-gas FIs. The homogenization temperatures in the four stages exhibit a gradual decrease, with stage I ranging from 253 to 302 °C, stage II from 203 to 268 °C, stage III from 184 to 222 °C, and stage IV from 153 to 198 °C, respectively. The salinity for stages I, II, III, and IV falls within the ranges of 3.4–6.6 wt% NaCl eqv., 2.6–7.2 wt% NaCl eqv., 2.9–7.0 wt% NaCl eqv., and 1.2–4.8 wt% NaCl eqv., respectively, indicative of a low-salinity ore-forming fluid. The δ18Owater and δD values of the ore-forming fluid span from −13.9‰ to 7.4‰ and −145‰ to −65‰, with δ13CV-PDB values between −11.0‰ and −7.9‰. These values suggest that the ore-forming fluid predominantly originated from a mixture of magmatic and meteoric water. The 206Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb, and 208Pb/204Pb ratios of sulfides range from 18.278 to 18.361, 15.530 to 15.634, and 38.107 to 38.448, respectively. These ratios imply that the ore-forming material was primarily derived from the Early Cretaceous granitic magma, which resulted from the mixing of depleted mantle- and crustal-derived magmas. The fluid mixing was the dominant mechanism for mineral precipitation. The Xinglongshan ore block belongs to a magmatic-hydrothermal vein-type deposit related to the Early Cretaceous syenogranite, and the Shuangjianzishan ore block belongs to an intermediate sulfidation epithermal deposit related to coeval subvolcanic rocks. The Ag–Pb–Zn mineralization at Shuangjianzishan is genetically related to the Early Cretaceous volcanic–intrusive complex.

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The role of long-lived arc volcanism in the formation of the VMS deposits: A case study of the volcanic-sedimentary sequence of Kangbutiebao formation associated with VMS deposits, Altai Mountains

et al. 2023

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Tracing the formation and modification of the Keketale VMS-type Pb-Zn deposit, Altai Mountains: Insights from ore deposit geology, geochronology, and magnetite geochemistry

Cited by 9 publications

References 90 publications

The trace-element compositions of amphibole, magnetite and ilmenite as potential exploration guides to metamorphosed Proterozoic Cu–Zn±Pb±Au±Ag volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits in Colorado, USA

The trace-element compositions of amphibole, magnetite and ilmenite as potential exploration guides to metamorphosed Proterozoic Cu–Zn±Pb±Au±Ag volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits in Colorado, USA

Genesis of the Supergiant Shuangjianzishan Ag–Pb–Zn Deposit in the Southern Great Xing’an Range, NE China: Constraints from Geochronology, Isotope Geochemistry, and Fluid Inclusion

The role of long-lived arc volcanism in the formation of the VMS deposits: A case study of the volcanic-sedimentary sequence of Kangbutiebao formation associated with VMS deposits, Altai Mountains

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