Track Recognition Using Two-Dimensional Symbols or Three-Dimensional Realistic Icons

Smallman, Harvey S.; John, Mark St.; Oonk, Heather M.; Cowen, Michael B.

doi:10.21236/ada376639

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…The 3D conditions reliably outperformed 2D, with the ability to move or rotate the graph proving a valuable feature in 3D. Finally, Smallman, St. John, Oonk and Cowen [13] showed that 2D symbolic representations of military targets allowed faster and more accurate identification than 3D icons.…”

Section: Comparing 2d and 3d Interfacesmentioning

confidence: 95%

Evaluating the effectiveness of spatial memory in 2D and 3D physical and virtual environments

Cockburn

McKenzie

2002

Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems

156

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User interfaces can improve task performance by exploiting the powerful human capabilities for spatial cognition. This opportunity has been demonstrated by many prior experiments. It is tempting to believe that providing greater spatial flexibility-by moving from flat 2D to 3D user interfaces-will further enhance user performance. This paper describes an experiment that investigates the effectiveness of spatial memory in real-world physical models and in equivalent computer-based virtual systems. The different models vary the user's freedom to use depth and perspective in spatial arrangements of images representing web pages. Results show that the subjects' performance deteriorated in both the physical and virtual systems as their freedom to locate items in the third dimension increased. Subjective measures reinforce the performance measures, indicating that users found interfaces with higher dimensions more 'cluttered' and less efficient.

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Section: Comparing 2d and 3d Interfacesmentioning

confidence: 95%

Evaluating the effectiveness of spatial memory in 2D and 3D physical and virtual environments

Cockburn

McKenzie

2002

Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems

156

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Finally, Smallman et al (2000) showed that 2D symbolic representations of military targets allowed faster and more accurate identification than 3D icons. Wickens et al (1997) provide a fitting summary for prior work on 2D versus 3D evaluations:…”

Section: Spatial Cognition and User Interface Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating spatial memory in two and three dimensions

Cockburn

McKenzie

2004

International Journal of Human-Computer Studies

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Prior research has shown that the efficient use of graphical user interfaces is strongly dependent on human capabilities for spatial cognition. One facet of spatial cognition is the ability to quickly and accurately recall and access the location of objects in a spatial arrangement. This paper describes a series of experiments aimed at determining whether three-dimensional user interfaces better support spatial memory than their more traditional two-dimensional counterparts. The experiments are conducted using both computer-supported systems and physical models that vary the depth and perspective cues in spatial arrangements of interface items. The physical models were used to escape some of the dimensional ambiguities that are hard to control using computer displays. Results strongly suggest that adding a third dimension to computer displays does not aid users' spatial memory. Although there were no significant differences between the effectiveness of spatial memory when using two-and three-dimensional computer interfaces, participants' memory for the location of cards representing web-pages was reliably better when using a two-dimensional physical model than when using an equivalent three-dimensional physical model. AbstractPrior research has shown that the efficient use of graphical user interfaces is strongly dependent on human capabilities for spatial cognition. One facet of spatial cognition is the ability to quickly and accurately recall and access the location of objects in a spatial arrangement. This paper describes a series of experiments aimed at determining whether three-dimensional user interfaces better support spatial memory than their more traditional two-dimensional counterparts. The experiments are conducted using both computer-supported systems and physical models that vary the depth and perspective cues in spatial arrangements of interface items. The physical models were used to escape some of the dimensional ambiguities that are hard to control using computer displays. Results strongly suggest that adding a third dimension to computer displays does not aid users' spatial memory. Although there were no significant differences between the effectiveness of spatial memory when using two-and three-dimensional computer interfaces, participants' memory for the location of cards representing web-pages was reliably better when using a two-dimensional physical model than when using an equivalent three-dimensional physical model.

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“…Recently, we measured the situation awareness of what was depicted in 3-D displays and compared it to 2-D control displays . We also compared the identifiability of conventional 2-D track symbols with realistic 3-D icons (Smallman, St. John, Oonk, and Cowen, 2000). Here, we examine the user's ability to localize tracks in space with 3-D displays.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%