Tracking and Determinants of Kidney Size From Fetal Life Until the Age of 2 Years: The Generation R Study

Geelhoed, J.J. Miranda; Verburg, Bero O.; Nauta, Jeroen; Lequin, Maarten H.; Hofman, Albert; Moll, Henriëtte A.; Witteman, Jacqueline C. M.; Heijden, A. J. van der; Steegers, Eric A.P.; Jaddoe, Vincent W. V.

doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2008.07.030

Cited by 32 publications

(33 citation statements)

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“…Furthermore, maternal anthropometric characteristics, foetal biometric data and blood flow patterns were associated with kidney size in childhood. Higher growth rates in early childhood were positively associated with combined kidney volume [4]. These results suggest that variations in foetal and early postnatal exposure and growth might have persistent consequences for kidney size.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 71%

Kidney growth curves in healthy children from the third trimester of pregnancy until the age of two years. The Generation R Study

et al. 2010

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Information about growth of kidney structures in early life is limited. In a population-based prospective cohort study, from foetal life onwards, we constructed reference curves for kidney growth from the third trimester of pregnancy until early childhood, using data from 1,158 healthy children. Kidney size, defined as length, width, depth and volume, was measured in the third trimester of pregnancy and at the postnatal ages of 6 months and 24 months. Analyses were based on more than 2,500 kidney measurements. In the third trimester of pregnancy and at 6 months of age all kidney measurements were larger in boys than in girls. At 24 months of age, these gender differences were only significant for left kidney structures and right kidney length. Both groups showed trends towards smaller left kidney measurements than right kidney measurements at all ages. Gender-specific reference curves based on post-conceptional and postnatal ages were constructed for left and right kidney length, width, depth and volume. We concluded that kidney size is influenced by age and gender. Left kidney size tended to be smaller than right kidney size, except for kidney length. The reference curves can be used for assessing kidney structures by ultrasound in foetal life and early childhood.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 71%

Kidney growth curves in healthy children from the third trimester of pregnancy until the age of two years. The Generation R Study

et al. 2010

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“…Vessel wall development is affected by blood flow and elastin synthesis, which in fetuses peaks in the last weeks of development (24,27,33). Vascular dysfunction and hypertension in the adult may therefore be the result of decreased arterial compliance originating in fetal life secondary to reduced elastin deposition (6,16,17). In fact, elastin Ϫ10 to 10 Ϫ5 mmol/l) in the carotid artery of female and male KO, WT, KOM, and KOP offspring at 7, 14, and 21 wk of age (female/male n ϭ 5-10/age group).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of age and gender on the progression of adult vascular dysfunction in a mouse model of fetal programming lacking endothelial nitric oxide synthase

Chiossi

Costantine

Tamayo

et al. 2011

American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology

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Chiossi G, Costantine MM, Tamayo E, Orise P, Hankins GD, Saade GR, Longo M. Effect of age and gender on the progression of adult vascular dysfunction in a mouse model of fetal programming lacking endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 301: H297-H305, 2011. First published May 13, 2011; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.01284.2010.-The objective of this study was to investigate vascular function at different ages in a transgenic murine model of fetal vascular programming using a model of uteroplacental insufficiency induced by lack of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Homozygous NOS3 knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice were cross bred to produce WT, KO, and heterozygous that developed in WT (KOP) or KO (KOM) mothers. Male/female offspring from the four groups were killed at 7, 14, and 21 wk of age (n ϭ 5-10/group), and carotid arteries were used for in vitro vascular studies. Responses to phenylephrine (PE), with/without N G -nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), angiotensin (ANG), acetylcholine (ACh), sodium nitroprusside, and isoproterenol (ISO) were studied. At 7 wk, only KO offspring showed higher contractile response to PE, whereas, at 14 and 21 wk, both KO and KOM had a higher response. Incubation with L-NAME abolished these differences. ANG contraction was higher in male KO in all age groups and in 21-wk-old females. Relaxation to ACh and ISO was absent in KO, and significantly decreased in KOM offspring in all age groups compared with KOP and WT, independent of gender. Sodium nitroprusside was not different between groups. The effect of the altered intrauterine environment on the development of abnormal vascular function was limited at 7 wk of age and most evident at 14 wk; further deterioration was limited to ANG-mediated vascular contractility in KO offspring. Our findings provide some hope that at least the first seven postnatal weeks may be an appropriate therapeutic window to prevent cardiovascular disease later in life. fetal programming; age process; cardiovascular development; kidney development; vascular structure THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN SUBOPTIMAL intrauterine environment and adult diseases was initially suggested in the 1960s by Robert McCance and Elsie Widdowson (48,49) in their original work on the influence of early neonatal nutrition on growth, body size, and development. Their work was later highlighted by the epidemiological studies of David Barker in the 1980s, which showed that low birth weight is an important risk factor for the future development of cardiovascular diseases. Barker's hypothesis, which was subsequently termed the "developmental origin of adult diseases," suggests that insults to the fetus during critical periods of development lead to fetal programming and produce adaptive changes that have longterm consequences (1-4).The milieu in which the fetus develops is determined by the interactions between the fetal genome and the intrauterine environment, which in turn may depend on the influences related to the maternal genetic information. Long-term healt...

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“…Measurements at these visits included physical examinations (height, weight, head circumference, skinfold thickness and waist-hip ratio, Touwen's Neurodevelopmental Examination at the ages of 1.5, 6, 14, and 24 months) and ultrasound examinations (brain structures at 1.5 months and cardiac and kidney structures at the ages of 1.5, 6 and 24 months, abdominal fat at the age of 24 months) [224][225][226][227][228][229][230][231][232][233][234][235][236][237]. Dual 9 Energy Absorptiometry (DXA) scanning was performed in a subgroup of children at the age of 6 months [238].…”

Section: Questionnairesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Generation R Study: design and cohort update 2012

et al. 2012

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The Generation R Study is a population-based prospective cohort study from fetal life until young adulthood. The study is designed to identify early environmental and genetic causes of normal and abnormal growth, development and health during fetal life, childhood and adulthood. The study focuses on four primary areas of research: (1) growth and physical development; (2) behavioural and cognitive development; (3) diseases in childhood; and (4) health and healthcare for pregnant women and children. In total, 9,778 mothers with a delivery date from April 2002 until January 2006 were enrolled in the study. General follow-up rates until the age of 4 years exceed 75%. Data collection in mothers, fathers and preschool children included questionnaires, detailed physical and ultrasound examinations, behavioural observations, and biological samples. A genome wide association screen is available in the participating children. Regular detailed hands on assessment are performed from the age of 5 years onwards. Eventually, results forthcoming from the Generation R Study have to contribute to the development of strategies for optimizing health and healthcare for pregnant women and children.

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Tracking and Determinants of Kidney Size From Fetal Life Until the Age of 2 Years: The Generation R Study

Cited by 32 publications

References 40 publications

Kidney growth curves in healthy children from the third trimester of pregnancy until the age of two years. The Generation R Study

Kidney growth curves in healthy children from the third trimester of pregnancy until the age of two years. The Generation R Study

Effect of age and gender on the progression of adult vascular dysfunction in a mouse model of fetal programming lacking endothelial nitric oxide synthase

The Generation R Study: design and cohort update 2012

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