Tracking in 4 dimensions

Cartiglia, N.; Arcidiacono, R.; Baldassarri, B.; Boscardin, M.; Cenna, F.; Dellacasa, G.; Betta, G.-F. Dalla; Ferrero, M.; Fadeyev, V.; Galloway, Z.; Garbolino, S.; Grabas, H. M. X.; Monaco, V.; Obertino, M. M.; Pancheri, Lucio; Paternoster, G.; Rivetti, A.; Rolo, Manuel; Sacchi, R.; Sadrozinski, H. F-W.; Seiden, A.; Sola, V.; Solano, A.; Staiano, A.; Ravera, F.; Zatserklyaniy, A.

doi:10.1016/j.nima.2016.05.078

Cited by 71 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The conclusion is similar for the CFD method and the result agrees with the expectation obtained from the quadratic sum of the jitter and the Landau contributions, as shown in Figure 18. The time resolution for single pads at high bias voltage is dominated by the Landau term that prefers low values of the constant fraction [15]. For arrays, the jitter contribution is dominant and this term prefers a larger constant fraction that maximizes dV/dt.…”

Section: Optimizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A High Granularity Timing Detector (HGTD) in the end-cap/forward region of the ATLAS detector [1], covering 2.4 < |η| < 4.0, adds capabilities with respect to the foreseen new inner tracker to mitigate these effects on physics final states containing forward jets. Due to the high radiation levels expected in this region for an integrated luminosity of L = 4000 fb −1 , the detector sensors and front-end electronics must sustain a 1 MeV neutron equivalent fluence of up to 3.7×10 15 neutrons/cm 2 and 4.5 MGy total ionising dose (at R=120 mm, including a safety factor of 1.5 and assuming one replacement of the inner part after half of the lifetime), while providing the challenging time resolution requirements of approximately 30 ps per minimum ionising particle (MIP). The sensor choice for the HGTD, given the need for accurate time measurement, are Low Gain Avalanche Detector (LGAD) pads with a thickness of about 50 µm and a pad area of 1.3×1.3 mm 2 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Time resolution for the CFD method σ CFD t as a function of the constant fraction parameters compared with the predictions for S1M-2 (a) and A2M (b). The term σ Landau is computed with Weightfield2[15,16], while σ CFD Jitter is estimated from data (see Section 5.1.2).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Beam test measurements of Low Gain Avalanche Detector single pads and arrays for the ATLAS High Granularity Timing Detector

et al. 2018

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A : For the high luminosity upgrade of the LHC at CERN, ATLAS is considering the addition of a High Granularity Timing Detector (HGTD) in front of the end cap and forward calorimeters at |z| = 3.5 m and covering the region 2.4 < η < 4 to help reducing the effect of pile-up. The chosen sensors are arrays of 50 µm thin Low Gain Avalanche Detectors (LGAD). This paper presents results on single LGAD sensors with a surface area of 1.3×1.3 mm 2 and arrays with 2×2 pads with a surface area of 2×2 mm 2 or 3×3 mm 2 each and different implant doses of the p + multiplication layer. They are obtained from data collected during a beam test campaign in autumn 2016 with a pion beam of 120 GeV energy at the CERN SPS. In addition to several quantities measured inclusively for each pad, the gain, efficiency and time resolution have been estimated as a function of the position of the incident particle inside the pad by using a beam telescope with a position resolution of few µm. Different methods to measure the time resolution are compared, yielding consistent results. The sensors with a surface area of 1.3×1.3 mm 2 have a time resolution of about 40 ps for a gain of 20 and of about 27 ps for a gain of 50 and fulfil the HGTD requirements. Larger sensors have, as expected, a degraded time resolution. All sensors show very good efficiency and time resolution uniformity. K: Solid state detectors; Timing detectors A X P : 1804.00622

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Section: Optimizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Beam test measurements of Low Gain Avalanche Detector single pads and arrays for the ATLAS High Granularity Timing Detector

et al. 2018

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“…This algorithm was chosen since it allows to study the effect of different thresholds applied to the pulses with relative ease, without having to account for the pulse amplitude. The thresholds applied to the pulses were optimised for each measurement condition, choosing the combination that resulted in the best time also known as Landau noise [17], can influence the leading edge of the sensor's signal and therefore worsen the time resolution. The 20%-to-80% rise time of the signal is shown in figure 16.…”

Section: A Similar Gain Degradation Was Observed Formentioning

confidence: 99%

Deep diffused APDs for charged particle timing applications: Performance after neutron irradiation

Vignali

Gallinaro

Harrop

et al. 2020

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A:

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Recent interest in pile-up mitigation through fast timing at the HL-LHC has focused attention on technologies that now achieve minimum ionising particle (MIP) time resolution of 30 picoseconds or less. The constraints of technical maturity and radiation tolerance narrowed the options in this rapidly developing field for the ATLAS and CMS upgrades to low gain avalanche detectors and silicon photomultipliers. In a variety of applications where occupancies and doses are lower, devices with pixel elements of order 1 cm 2 , nevertheless achieving 30 ps, would be attractive.In this paper, deep diffused Avalanche Photo Diodes (APDs) are examined as candidate timing detectors for HL-LHC applications.Devices with an active area of 8 × 8 mm 2 are characterised using a pulsed infrared laser and, in some cases, high energy particle beams. The timing performance as well as the uniformity of response are examined.The effects of radiation damage on current, signal amplitude, noise, and timing of the APDs are evaluated using detectors with an active area of 2 × 2 mm 2 . These detectors were irradiated with neutrons up to a a 1-MeV neutrons fluence Φ eq = 10 15 cm −2 . Their timing performance was characterised using a pulsed infrared laser.While a time resolution of 27 ± 1 ps was obtained in a beam test using an 8 × 8 mm 2 sensor, the present study only demonstrates that gain loss can be compensated by increased detector bias up to fluences of Φ eq = 6 · 10 13 cm −2 .So it possibly falls short of the Φ eq = 10 14 cm −2 requirement for the CMS barrel over the lifetime of the HL-LHC. IntroductionThe high luminosity upgrade of the CERN Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) foreseen to start in 2026 will provide an instantaneous luminosity of up to 5 · 10 34 cm −2 s −1 with a bunch spacing of 25 ns, and an average pile-up of up to 200 collisions per bunch crossing [1]. This value of pile-up presents a challenge for the experiments, as currently ATLAS and CMS have reached a typical number of concurrent interactions within the same bunch crossing (pile-up) of approximately 35 [2, 3]. At present, the effects of pile-up on physics analyses are mitigated by resolving the primary vertices within one bunch crossing along the beam axis. The physics objects are then associated to the correspondingvertices by using the tracking information. This strategy was used also at Tevatron, where the pile-up was ≈ 6. The pile-up at HL-LHC will pose a challenge to this method, as a significant fraction of the primary vertices will have a distance smaller than the resolution of the vertex detectors, making an association to the reconstructed physics objects impossible.A different method to associate the reconstructed objects to separate vertices relies on the measurement of the time of arrival of the particles at the detectors.A sufficiently accurate time measurement effectively reduces the vertex density, improving the event reconstruction capability of the experiments. Since the RMS spread of the primary vertices at HL-LHC is foreseen to be ≈ 170 ps within on...

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“…(b) Comparison of time resolutions from simulations (WF2) and from test beam measurements. Data points from [55], [56], [57], [58], and [59].…”

Section: Fast Timing With Pixelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pixel detectors ... where do we stand?

Wermes

2019

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A:

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Pixel detectors have been the working horse for high resolution, high rate and radiation particle tracking for the past 20 years. The field has spun off into imaging applications with equal uniqueness. Now the move is towards larger integration and fully monolithic devices with to be expected spin-off into imaging again. Many judices and prejudices that were around at times were overcome and surpassed. This paper attempts to give an account of the developments following a line of early prejudices and later insights.

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Tracking in 4 dimensions

Cited by 71 publications

References 7 publications

Beam test measurements of Low Gain Avalanche Detector single pads and arrays for the ATLAS High Granularity Timing Detector

Beam test measurements of Low Gain Avalanche Detector single pads and arrays for the ATLAS High Granularity Timing Detector

Deep diffused APDs for charged particle timing applications: Performance after neutron irradiation

Pixel detectors ... where do we stand?

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