Tracking of Noncooperative Airborne Targets Using ADS-B Signal and Radar Sensing

Huang, Ming Shih; Narayanan, Ram M.; Zhang, Yan; Feinberg, Arthur

doi:10.1155/2013/521630

Cited by 10 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Several studies on different approaches to securing the ADS-B communications have been conducted in the past decade [43], [2], [1], [44], [39], [45], [46]. Some promising directions for generic RF communication defenses are explored by the physical layer security (PLS) techniques that were used to secure beamforming [47], [48], [49].…”

Section: Countermeasures and Defenses For Ads-b Securitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Cybersecurity Attacks on Software Logic and Error Handling Within ADS-B Implementations: Systematic Testing of Resilience and Countermeasures

Khandker¹,

Turtiainen²,

Costin³

et al. 2022

IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst.

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Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) is a cornerstone of the next-generation digital sky and is now mandated in several countries. However, there have been many reports of serious security vulnerabilities in the ADS-B architecture. In this paper, we demonstrate and evaluate the impact of multiple cyberattacks on ADS-B via remote radio frequency links that affected various network, processing, and display subsystems used within the ADS-B ecosystem.Overall we implemented and tested 12 cyberattacks on ADS-B in a controlled environment, out of which 5 attacks were presented or implemented for the first time. For all these attacks, we developed a unique testbed that consisted of 13 hardware devices and 22 software that ran on Android, iOS, Linux, and Windows operating systems, which result in a total of 36 tested configurations. Each of the attacks was successful on various subsets of the tested configurations. In some attacks, we discovered wide qualitative variations and discrepancies in how particular configurations react to and treat ADS-B inputs that contain errors or contradicting flight information, with the main culprit almost always being the software implementation. In some other attacks, we managed to cause Denial of Service (DoS) by remotely crashing/impacting more than 50% of the test-set that corresponded to those attacks.Besides demonstrating successful attacks, we also implemented, investigated, and report herein some practical countermeasures to these attacks. We demonstrated that the strong relationship between the received signal strength and the distance-toemitter might help verify the aircraft's advertised ADS-B position and distance. For example, our best machine learning models achieved 90% accuracy in detecting spoofed ADS-B signals, which may be effectively used to distinguish ADS-B signals of real aircraft from spoofed signals of attackers.

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Section: Countermeasures and Defenses For Ads-b Securitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Cybersecurity Attacks on Software Logic and Error Handling Within ADS-B Implementations: Systematic Testing of Resilience and Countermeasures

Khandker¹,

Turtiainen²,

Costin³

et al. 2022

IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst.

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“…According to the actual situation [18,19], we initially estimate that the vertical distance between the vehicle and satellite is R min , and the farthest distance that the satellite can cover is R max . The ADS-B signal carrier frequency is F c = 1090 MHz.…”

Section: Snr and Mathematical Model Of Digitalmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Dual-Hierarchy Synchronization Method for Signal Preambles with High Detection Rates for Satellite-Based ADS-B Receivers with Different Sensitivities

Jian,

Zhang,

et al. 2024

International Journal of Aerospace Engineering

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Existing methods are unable to achieve high detection rates and low false alarm rates of satellite-based Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) signal preambles at extremely low signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) using limited on-star resources. In this paper, a dual-hierarchy synchronization method is proposed, including a first-level coarse synchronization and a second-level fine synchronization. The coarse synchronization process involves three steps: (1) detection of unknown signals, (2) soft decision, and (3) adaptive interval output. The first step introduces the threshold (TMSED) of the minimum signal energy to be detected to guarantee a high detection rate. In the soft decision step, a value (SV) designed to improve the robustness of the system curbs false detection caused by noise interference. In the last step, the coarse synchronization interval radius (r) is mapped out according to the SNR to reduce resource consumption. The fine synchronization process is based on the coarse synchronization output, and the correlation peak is calculated to complete the synchronization of the signal preambles. The results show that the proposed method achieves a high detection rate of 96% at an extremely low SNR using a low sampling frequency of 10 MHz. Furthermore, the adjustment of TMSED allows this method to be applied to ADS-B receivers with different sensitivities. The comprehensive performance of this method to achieve high detection rates and acceptable false alarm rates at extremely low SNRs with limited on-star resources is verified by final simulations to be superior to other methods.

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“…• ADS-B as RADAR? A unique solution of using the ADS-B signal itself like a radar signal, by adding a random bi-phase modulation is proposed in [27]. This system can track other aircraft even with no GNSS.…”

Section: Use Case Diagrams For Ads-b Securitymentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel Way to Design ADS-B using UML and TLA+ with Security as a Focus

Bhardwaj¹,

Purdy²,

Obeidat³

2020

Adv. sci. technol. eng. syst. j.

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Tracking of Noncooperative Airborne Targets Using ADS-B Signal and Radar Sensing

Cited by 10 publications

References 28 publications

Cybersecurity Attacks on Software Logic and Error Handling Within ADS-B Implementations: Systematic Testing of Resilience and Countermeasures

Cybersecurity Attacks on Software Logic and Error Handling Within ADS-B Implementations: Systematic Testing of Resilience and Countermeasures

A Dual-Hierarchy Synchronization Method for Signal Preambles with High Detection Rates for Satellite-Based ADS-B Receivers with Different Sensitivities

A Novel Way to Design ADS-B using UML and TLA+ with Security as a Focus

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