Trade and Income Convergence in Selected South Asian Countries and Their Trading Partners

Abstract

This paper analyzes trade among and the convergence of per capita income for India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka. The extent of trade and its relationship with the magnitude of income convergence is studied among these countries and their trading partners. We use intra-trade convergence and the difference-in-differences approach for the estimations. The results demonstrate that an increase in trade between the groups decreases the per capita income differential. Our results suggest that trade liberalization policies could be effective in achieving convergence. More importantly, we find that the per capita income of our source countries converged more rapidly under post-liberalization regimes than preliberalization regimes.

A Systematic Literature Review on Migration and Remittances in Mountainous Regions: Key Takeaways for Phuthaditjhaba, Free State, South Africa

“…These are the two major sources of income in mountainous areas and the worst affected by climate change. Phuthaditjhaba has pockets of agriculture activities, real estate and infrastructure development and other lively activities [66,67]. Investigating the impact of migration and remittances on such activities provides valuable insights.…”