“…However, there are in need (right) institutions and policies to underpin innovation and necessary accumulation of capital as a growth frontier.28 As documented in the literature, policies of the diversification of suppliers, consumers, and delivery channels, as well as flexibility, stockpiling, inventory, and buffer stocks (seeMiroudot (2020) for more information) are some possible solutions for dynamic recovery from any (national/international) shocks. Otherwise, domestic shocks such as Tohoku (Biyik 2022b) will result in higher GDP costs.29 One is to reduce reciprocal tariff barriers and improve trade facilitation (i.e., support measures, data governance, cross border investment, and trade in services, seeAuboin at al. (2021)) for all nations (no distortion) under the WTO, which promote trade flows/FDI(ADB & ESCAP, 2013;Hillberry & Zhang, 2018) and thus enhance firm profit/productivity(Pavcnik, 2002) for all nations.…”