“…Therefore, the consideration of the factors affecting profitability to propose, recommend and find effective and suitable solutions to improve profitability has been mentioned in many research. It is easy to find studies on factors that directly affect profitability such as financial leverage, solvency, liquidity, firm size, capital structure and working capital management (Chamberlain, 1962;DeAngelo & Masulis, 1980;Bradley, Jarrell, & Kim, 1984;Capon, Farley, & Hoenig, 1990;Miao, 2005;Huang & Song, 2006;Aburime, 2009;Anbar & Alper, 2011;Fareed, Ali, Shahzad, Nazir, & Ullah, 2016;Muhammad, Rehman, & Waqas, 2016;Szymańska, 2017;Grau, & Reig, 2018;Blažková, 2018;Yüksel, Mukhtarov, Mammadov, & Özsarı, 2018;Qayyum & Noreen, 2019;Vu, Do, Dang, & Nguyen, 2019;Zheng, Liu, & Huang, 2019;Nguyen & Nguyen, 2020) or external factors influencing profitability such as market concentration, industry growth, import growth, GDP growth, inflation, and profitability. yield and profit on financial markets (Bei & Wijewardana, 2012;Pattitoni, Petracci & Spisni, 2014;Çelik, Bilen, & Bilen, 2016;Jędrzejczak-Gas, 2017;Grau & Reig, 2018;Soukhakian & Khodakarami, 2019).…”