2022
DOI: 10.24843/jekt.2022.v15.i01.p01
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Trade-Environment Triangle in Indonesia: Ecological Footprint Approach

Abstract: This study aims to analyze the relationship between the ecological footprint as a more comprehensive indicator of environmental degradation and economic growth and trade and investment in Indonesia from 1970 to 2017. It will also examine the existence of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) and the Pollution Haven Hypothesis (PHH) in a framework called the trade-environment triangle using Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) and error correction model (ECM). The estimation results show no inverse U-shaped re… Show more

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Cited by 2 publications
(2 citation statements)
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“…The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis is not supported in this study. The EKC hypothesis does not consistently hold (Anwar et al, 2022;Naveed et al, 2022;Pincheira and Zuniga, 2021;Shahbaz and Sinha, 2019), as empirically found in several studies (Aini and Hartono, 2022;Djellouli et al, 2022;Ochoa-Moreno et al, 2021). Several factors might explain why this hypothesis does not always hold; for instance, the EKC hypothesis cannot universally apply to all types of pollution or countries (Ben Jebli et al, 2022;Stern, 2004).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 86%
“…The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis is not supported in this study. The EKC hypothesis does not consistently hold (Anwar et al, 2022;Naveed et al, 2022;Pincheira and Zuniga, 2021;Shahbaz and Sinha, 2019), as empirically found in several studies (Aini and Hartono, 2022;Djellouli et al, 2022;Ochoa-Moreno et al, 2021). Several factors might explain why this hypothesis does not always hold; for instance, the EKC hypothesis cannot universally apply to all types of pollution or countries (Ben Jebli et al, 2022;Stern, 2004).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 86%
“…Profit is calculated as the disparity between revenue and total costs [15], whereas revenue is calculated by multiplying the selling price of dry and wet cocoons by the quantity of cocoons produced. As previously [16] stated, the costs included are fixed and variable costs specifically paid for by farmers; therefore, costs for renting premises and labor in the family are not included in the profit.…”
Section: Profitmentioning
confidence: 99%