Trade Liberalization and Economic Development

Sundaram, Jomo Kwame; Arnim, Rudiger von

doi:10.1126/science.1155337

Cited by 17 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…What is new is the volume of trade in goods and services, which has reached unprecedented levels over the past century; and the global scale at which trade now occurs. Also, the pattern of trade has morphed into an unequal playing field, where international trade rules tend to benefit disproportionately high-income countries [8-11]. The rise in global production chains, liberalization of global financial flows and stark inequalities in countries' political and bargaining power are at the heart of many of the contentions concerning contemporary global trade.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Framing international trade and chronic disease

2011

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There is an emerging evidence base that global trade is linked with the rise of chronic disease in many low and middle-income countries (LMICs). This linkage is associated, in part, with the global diffusion of unhealthy lifestyles and health damaging products posing a particular challenge to countries still facing high burdens of communicable disease. We developed a generic framework which depicts the determinants and pathways connecting global trade with chronic disease. We then applied this framework to three key risk factors for chronic disease: unhealthy diets, alcohol, and tobacco. This led to specific 'product pathways', which can be further refined and used by health policy-makers to engage with their country's trade policy-makers around health impacts of ongoing trade treaty negotiations, and by researchers to continue refining an evidence base on how global trade is affecting patterns of chronic disease. The prevention and treatment of chronic diseases is now rising on global policy agendas, highlighted by the UN Summit on Noncommunicable Diseases (September 2011). Briefs and declarations leading up to this Summit reference the role of globalization and trade in the spread of risk factors for these diseases, but emphasis is placed on interventions to change health behaviours and on voluntary corporate responsibility. The findings summarized in this article imply the need for a more concerted approach to regulate trade-related risk factors and thus more engagement between health and trade policy sectors within and between nations. An explicit recognition of the role of trade policies in the spread of noncommunicable disease risk factors should be a minimum outcome of the September 2011 Summit, with a commitment to ensure that future trade treaties do not increase such risks.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Framing international trade and chronic disease

2011

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“…At the same time, the value of agricultural output per worker in Africa fell from US$424 in 1980 to about US$365 per worker (constant: 1995 US$) in the late 1990s. A recent UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs review of international data suggests that in this context, reduced agricultural subsidies in high-income countries are likely to mainly benefit large, transnational producers in Sub-Saharan Africa and may further increase food costs due to the high volume of imports [30]. …”

Section: Global and National Contextsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review Article: Globalisation and women’s health in Sub-Saharan Africa: Would paying attention to women’s occupational roles improve nutritional outcomes?

Loewenson¹,

Nolen

Wamala

2010

Scand J Public Health

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Aim: This paper explores, through a review of literature, the link between globalisation and nutritional outcomes in Sub-Saharan Africa, focusing on the pathways of women's occupational roles on the food produced, consumed, and secured for households. Methods: Following a framework linking globalisation and health, we drew evidence from peer reviewed, cross-national or large scale studies, official sources, reviews, online scientific databases, and case studies, published between 1990 and 2009. Results: Publications cite improved technology, information, know how, normative commitments to and resources for human development, returns from access to investment in agriculture for low-income women producers, and urban employment opportunities reducing social discrimination and improving opportunities for household food security, particularly if access to these benefits is reinforced by national policy. However, many more publications cite negative consequences, including in falling national and local food self-sufficiency, livelihood and nutritional losses, widening inequalities, and in declining or insecure access to production inputs, markets, incomes, local foods, and healthcare. These effects are documented to increase time and resource burdens for women, with negative consequences for their own and their families' health and nutrition. Conclusions: The evidence suggests that globalisation-related economic and trade policies have, on balance, been associated with shifts in women's occupational roles and resources that contribute to documented poor nutritional outcomes in Africa. These trends call for public policies that address such positive and negative effects for women and for improved monitoring of such gender and socio-economic trends, especially at the household and community level, in the tracking of the Millennium Development Goals.

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“…The 'trickle-down' health argument is weakened by evidence that trade treaties to date have disproportionately benefited wealthier nations, often at the expense of poorer ones (Polaski, 2006;Sundaram and Arnim, 2009). Even if all countries grow, even if at similar rates, the absolute income differential between countries becomes larger.…”

Section: Health As Tradementioning

confidence: 99%

Health in All (Foreign) Policy: challenges in achieving coherence

Labonté

2014

Health Promotion International

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SUMMARYHealth in All Policies (HiAP) approach is generally perceived as an intersectoral approach to national or subnational public policy development, such that health outcomes are given full consideration by non-health sectors. Globalization, however, has created numerous 'inherently global health issues' with cross-border causes and consequences, requiring new forms of global governance for health. Although such governance often includes both state and non-state ( private, civil society) actors in agenda setting and influence, different actors have differing degrees of power and authority and, ultimately, it is states that ratify intergovernmental covenants or normative declarations that directly or indirectly affect health. This requires public health and health promotion practitioners working within countries to give increased attention to the foreign policies of their national governments. These foreign policies include those governing national security, foreign aid, trade and investment as well as the traditional forms of diplomacy. A new term has been coined to describe how health is coming to be positioned in governments' foreign policies: global health diplomacy. To become adept at this nuanced diplomatic practice requires familiarity with the different policy frames by which health might be inserted into the foreign policy deliberations, and thence intergovernmental/ global governance negotiations. This article discusses six such frames (security, trade, development, global public goods, human rights, ethical/moral reasoning) that have been analytically useful in assessing the potential for greater and more health-promoting foreign policy coherence: a 'Health in All (Foreign) Policies' approach.

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Trade Liberalization and Economic Development

Cited by 17 publications

References 8 publications

Framing international trade and chronic disease

Framing international trade and chronic disease

Review Article: Globalisation and women’s health in Sub-Saharan Africa: Would paying attention to women’s occupational roles improve nutritional outcomes?

Health in All (Foreign) Policy: challenges in achieving coherence

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