Trade-Off Between Schooling and Labor for Children: Understanding the Determinative Factors Among Rural Households in Bangladesh

Islam, Rafiqul; Hoque, Md Mahmudul

doi:10.3389/fsoc.2022.839231

Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…The reviewed literature suggests that the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic is the primary cause for the rise in child labor ( 3 , 19 , 20 , 24 , 26–32 , 34 , 35 , 46–51 , 53 , 54 , 63 ) ( Figure 3 ). In addition, several primary studies found that poverty pushed children to start working to support their families ( 8 , 27 , 51 ). A global study found that children belonging to households that had lost over half of their income were 1.3 times more inclined to report being involved in paid work (i.e., engaging in child labor) compared to children from households that had not faced similar income loss ( 47 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Based on the international literature, the major factors contributing to child labor include socio-demographic and economic factors such as poverty, displacement, large family size, cultural beliefs, and parental educational status ( 8 , 9 ). Families in underprivileged populations depend on their children to provide income as a means for survival ( 8 ). Consequently, children undertake hazardous jobs in sectors such as domestic work, agriculture, construction, fishing, mining, and manufacturing, where working conditions are precarious and challenging ( 3 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Child labor and associated risk factors in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic: a scoping review

Habib,

El Khayat,

Ghanawi

et al. 2024

Front. Public Health

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Child labor can significantly impact the health, welfare, and development of children engaged in labor. The spread of child labor around the globe is predicted to accelerate as a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic. To this end, a scoping review was conducted to (a) synthesize emerging themes and results from recent research on child labor during the COVID-19 pandemic, (b) identify factors that increase the risk of children falling into child labor and (c) provide recommendations that can inform the development of policies and programs to ensure that previous efforts to combat child labor are not lost. Six electronic databases (Medline, EMBASE, Scopus, CINAHL, Global health, and Web of Science) were searched on January 21, 2022. The database searches, along with the grey literature search, identified 5,244 studies, of which 45 articles were included in the final review. Several of those articles (8 of 45 articles) reviewed concluded that the pandemic could increase child labor worldwide including the worst forms of child labor. The reviewed studies identified primary risk factors for child labor during the COVID-19 pandemic including economic challenges, temporary school closure and a greater demand for child labor, mortality among parents, and limited social protection. This scoping review identified the need for more field research on child labor following the COVID-19 pandemic to detect emerging patterns of child labor and to develop effective intervention measures. There is also a need for further empirical research on the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on gender differences in occupational exposure and health outcomes among working children and marginalized groups such as migrants, refugees, and minority groups. Based on the conclusions drawn from this review, it is evident that addressing child labor in the wake of the pandemic necessitates a multi-sectoral response by the government, businesses, civil society, and funding/donor agencies. This response should address various areas such as education, social and child protection, and legislation to support vulnerable children and their families in order to combat child labor subsequent to the pandemic.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Child labor and associated risk factors in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic: a scoping review

Habib,

El Khayat,

Ghanawi

et al. 2024

Front. Public Health

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In social science research, interviews are widely used as tools for collecting qualitative data and navigating real-life experiences [100][101][102][103]. Semistructured interviews were conducted with five key informants [104][105][106].…”

Section: Interviewsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rohingya Refugee Education in Malaysia: An Analysis of Current Standards and Challenges

Lee,

Hoque

2024

Asian J. Educ. Soc. Stud.

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The Rohingyas, the longest-standing stateless refugees in Malaysia, are continuously denied access to formal education. The UN Refugee Agency and local non-government organizations run learning centers that offer non-formal education to Rohingya children. Existing literature highlights that, in the absence of formal openings, alternative educational programmes remain the main provider of refugee education in Malaysia. This study, using the Inter-Agency Network for Education in Emergencies' five-domain framework, examines the educational standards provided to Rohingya refugees in Malaysia. The findings suggest that most learning centers lack financial, human, and infrastructural resources. Lack of opportunity for secondary schooling makes primary education less worth it. Moreover, prevailing cultural and religious norms make it challenging for Rohingya children (especially girls) to access educational opportunities outside the community. National examinations and academic accreditation for learning are inaccessible to refugees, including Rohingyas. This paper deliberates on some immediate and long-term measures that can potentially address these issues. However, all actors, including UNHCR and the Malaysian government, must collaborate towards formulating a sustainable solution to this critical problem.

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“…Then a strict nationwide lockdown imposed by the government adversely affected the livelihoods and income of many poor and low-income individuals (Bodrud-Doza et al, 2020;Hoque, 2020Hoque, , 2021bIslam & Hoque, 2022). The country was ranked 46th in global government effectiveness and 113th in global health security in 2019 (GHS, 2019;Global Economy, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Local Level Collaborative Governance for Pandemic Responses: Unpacking A Case in Bangladesh

Alam¹,

Hoque²

2022

pgr

Self Cite

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Responsive governance during the COVID-19 pandemic became a severe challenge for countries worldwide. With a relatively poor healthcare structure, Bangladesh performed moderately well in managing the first wave of the pandemic (March – December 2020). With substantive policy and decision-making support from the Centre, local governments collaborated with various relevant actors to enhance their pandemic- related services. In this background, this research used an integrative framework to study a case of local-level collaborative governance – the Saturia Model. Based on the authors' experience, reflections and review, this analysis explores various socio-economic and environmental factors behind the effectiveness of this collaboration in containment policies and providing support services to vulnerable groups. Findings indicate that coordination between state and non-state actors, resource mobilization, access and communication, community engagement and the adaptative capacity of the government are vital for making such collaborations work in a crisis. The lessons are valuable for prospective understanding and policy interventions.

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Trade-Off Between Schooling and Labor for Children: Understanding the Determinative Factors Among Rural Households in Bangladesh

Cited by 10 publications

References 57 publications

Child labor and associated risk factors in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic: a scoping review

Child labor and associated risk factors in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic: a scoping review

Rohingya Refugee Education in Malaysia: An Analysis of Current Standards and Challenges

Local Level Collaborative Governance for Pandemic Responses: Unpacking A Case in Bangladesh

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