Trade-Offs and Constraints in Plant-Herbivore Defense Theory: A Life-History Perspective

Mole, Simon

doi:10.2307/3546166

Cited by 164 publications

(143 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…2) does not mean that trees will be able to utilize photosynthetic products for growth enhancement. It is well known that both defence and herbivory are costly to plants in terms of resources that might otherwise be used for growth or reproduction (Mole, 1994). For example we saw up to a sixfold increase in phenolic concentrations in perforated leaves of Alnus incana (Fig.…”

Section: Impact Of Perforation On Leaf Gas Exchange Of Grazed Leavesmentioning

confidence: 74%

Primary and secondary host plants differ in leaf‐level photosynthetic response to herbivory: evidence from Alnus and Betula grazed by the alder beetle, Agelastica alni

et al. 1998

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Field-grown trees of Alnus incana (L.) Moench, Alnus glutinosa (L.) Geartner and Betula pendula Roth displayed pronounced differences in responses of light-saturated net photosynthesis (A sat ) to herbivory by the alder beetle (Agelastica alni L., Galerucinae), a specialized insect which primarily defoliates alders. We found that photosynthetic rates of grazed leaves increased following herbivory in Alnus but not in Betula. Area-and massbased A sat of grazed leaves declined linearly with increasing amount of leaf perforation in B. pendula, by as much as 57 %. By contrast Alnus glutinosa and Alnus incana increased area-based rates of A sat by 10-50 % at all levels of leaf grazing. Given increased A sat in the remaining portion of grazed leaves, a net reduction in photosynthesis per leaf occurred only when the proportion of leaf area grazed exceeded 40 % for Alnus incana and 23 % for Alnus glutinosa. Since vein perforation by Agelastica alni was observed much more frequently in leaves of Betula than in Alnus, we hypothesized that declining A sat in herbivorized Betula was related to this disruption of water transport. A field experiment with artificial leaf perforation demonstrated a greater decline in A sat in veinperforated Betula leaves than perforated leaves with midrib veins intact. However, regardless of leaf perforation regime, birch never showed post-perforation increases in A sat . In all species, rates of transpiration of grazed leaves linearly increased and water-use efficiency decreased with increased amount of leaf perforation. In grazed Alnus incana leaves, increasing leaf area consumption by Agelastica alni resulted in an increase of total phenols, a reduction in starch content and no changes in nitrogen concentration in the remaining portion. The increase in photosynthesis in Alnus incana might be related to declining leaf starch concentration or increasing stomatal conductance, but was unrelated to leaf nitrogen concentration. These gas exchange and leaf chemistry measurements suggest that in contrast to B. pendula, Alnus incana and Alnus glutinosa, which are the major host species for Agelastica alni, possess leaf-level physiological adaptations and defence mechanisms which can attenuate negative effects of herbivory by the alder leaf-beetle.

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Section: Impact Of Perforation On Leaf Gas Exchange Of Grazed Leavesmentioning

confidence: 74%

Primary and secondary host plants differ in leaf‐level photosynthetic response to herbivory: evidence from Alnus and Betula grazed by the alder beetle, Agelastica alni

et al. 1998

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“…2). This type of trade-off has been an implicit assumption in many of the discussions of plant defense theories (such as the optimal defense hypothesis [Rhoades 1979], the growth rate hypothesis [Coley et al 1985], and the growthdifferentiation balance hypothesis [Loomis 1932;Loomis 1953]) and has been empirically supported in several stud- ies (Fineblum and Rausher 1995;Stowe 1998;Fornoni et al 2003;Prittinen et al 2003;Strauss et al 2003; but see Mole 1994;Karban and Baldwin 1997). Plants associated with mycorrhizal fungi can use the additional resources to step off this trade-off plane described within many plant defense hypotheses and increase allocation to one or more axes (growth, defense, or tolerance) without decreasing allocation to any of the other axes ( fig.…”

Section: Interference As Defensementioning

confidence: 99%

Three‐Way Interactions among Mutualistic Mycorrhizal Fungi, Plants, and Plant Enemies: Hypotheses and Synthesis

Bennett

Alers-García

Bever

2006

The American Naturalist

162

100

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A number of studies have shown that an association with mycorrhizal fungi can alter the outcome of interactions between plants and their enemies. While the directions of these effects vary, their strength suggests the need for greater attention to multispecies interactions among plant enemies, plants, and mycorrhizal fungi. We recognize that mycorrhizal fungi could effect plant enemies by improving plant nutrition, modifying plant tolerance, or modifying plant defenses. In addition, mycorrhizal fungi could directly interfere with pathogen infection, herbivory, or parasitism by occupying root space. We formalize these alternative outcomes of multispecies interactions and explore the long-term dynamics of the plant-enemy interactions based on these different scenarios using a general model of interactions between plants and plant enemies. We then review the literature in terms of the assumptions of the alternative mechanisms and the predictions of these models. Through this effort, we identify new directions in the study of tritrophic interactions between enemies, plants, and soil mutualists.

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“…Besides genetic factors, the magnitude of this trade-off is determined by the quality of the environment, that is, how much there are available resources for the prey or host to allocate between different traits (Bohannan et al 2002;Yoshida et al 2004). Theory and experiments (Mole 1994;Hochberg & van Baalen 1998;Bohannan & Lenski 1999;Abrams 2000;Yoshida et al 2004) suggest that when the allocation to defensive traits is costly, the competitive ability of the prey should decrease, especially in the low-resource environments (large magnitude tradeoffs). By contrast, when resources are abundant, prey should be able to invest in both defensive and competitive traits simultaneously because the excess of resources cancels out the fitness cost of defence (small magnitude trade-offs).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Availability of prey resources drives evolution of predator–prey interaction

et al. 2008

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Productivity is predicted to drive the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of predator-prey interaction through changes in resource allocation between different traits. Here we report results of an evolutionary experiment where prey bacteria Serratia marcescens was exposed to predatory protozoa Tetrahymena thermophila in low-and high-resource environments for approximately 2400 prey generations. Predation generally increased prey allocation to defence and caused prey selection lines to become more diverse. On average, prey became most defensive in the high-resource environment and suffered from reduced resource use ability more in the low-resource environment. As a result, the evolution of stronger prey defence in the high-resource environment led to a strong decrease in predator-to-prey ratio. Predation increased temporal variability of populations and traits of prey. However, this destabilizing effect was less pronounced in the high-resource environment. Our results demonstrate that prey resource availability can shape the trade-off allocation of prey traits, which in turn affects multiple properties of the evolving predator-prey system.

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Trade-Offs and Constraints in Plant-Herbivore Defense Theory: A Life-History Perspective

Cited by 164 publications

References 65 publications

Primary and secondary host plants differ in leaf‐level photosynthetic response to herbivory: evidence from Alnus and Betula grazed by the alder beetle, Agelastica alni

Primary and secondary host plants differ in leaf‐level photosynthetic response to herbivory: evidence from Alnus and Betula grazed by the alder beetle, Agelastica alni

Three‐Way Interactions among Mutualistic Mycorrhizal Fungi, Plants, and Plant Enemies: Hypotheses and Synthesis

Availability of prey resources drives evolution of predator–prey interaction

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