Tradeoffs between ventilation, air mixing, and passenger density for the airborne transmission risk in airport transportation vehicles

Lin, Tong; Laurent, José Guillermo Cedeño; Spengler, John D.; Srebric, Jelena

doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109186

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…The occupancy in the classroom and rehearsal room was determined according to the administrative regulations during the pandemic, while the bus occupancy was varied from low to high, in the two different bus models. This study conducted the simulations of residual lifetime of air ( RLTa ) [ 31 , 32 ] to determine the index cases for the investigation. RLTa at an occupant's mouth opening represents the mean time that his/her exhaled breath takes to reach the outlet (air return/exhaust).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ceiling impact on air disinfection performance of Upper-Room Germicidal Ultraviolet (UR-GUV)

Lin

Wang

Nardell

et al. 2022

Building and Environment

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ceiling impact on air disinfection performance of Upper-Room Germicidal Ultraviolet (UR-GUV)

Lin

Wang

Nardell

et al. 2022

Building and Environment

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“…Various simulations of droplet infection have been carried out during the COVID-19 pandemic, and the results have been made available to the public through mass media. (Bertone et al, 2022;Zhu et al, 2022;Corzo et al, 2022) Few studies have been conducted on the ventilation simulation of a vehicle; however, this study further investigated a design to improve the ventilation performance of tour buses. Fig.…”

Section: Ventilation Design Of Tour Buses For Suppressing Airborne Tr...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Ventilation design of tour buses for suppressing airborne transmission and highly efficient virus elimination in post COVID-19 period

MAKIHIRA,

OKUMURA

2024

Mechanical Engineering Journal

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Measures to prevent the spread of COVID-19 are critical across the globe. A tour bus can carry passengers; however, the small, closed space becomes congested owing to their presence for long periods. Therefore, there is an increased risk of infection on tour buses. The air outlet of the air conditioner in a tour bus was designed to prioritize heating and cooling over ventilation. This study aims to improve the ventilation performance of tour buses. Therefore, a large-scale ventilation simulation was performed using a supercomputer. The results are as follows: (1) when the overall air flow rate of the ventilation is fixed, new outlets must be installed in the upper rear part of the tour bus for rapid ventilation; and (2) the ventilation efficiency was higher when a few highoutput outlets were installed instead of several low-output outlets. The reason for the more effective ventilation was to create a large airflow in the tour bus. We proposed the design of a highly efficient ventilation system in an existing bus space and elucidated the appropriate layout of ventilation outlets and the optimal protocol for opening windows.

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“…However, both measurements 30,31 and computational models 32,33 clearly show a spatial variation with increased concentrations closer to the emitter and lower concentrations farther away. Experimental work has even shown that the actual risk of infection can be higher than that predicted by the perfect mixing assumption 34 . Thus, in the simulations in the present work, we do not make the perfect mixing assumption and consider transient Lagrangian simulations to predict aerosol concentrations throughout the aircraft cabin.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Experimental work has even shown that the actual risk of infection can be higher than that predicted by the perfect mixing assumption. 34 Thus, in the simulations in the present work, we do not make the perfect mixing assumption and consider transient Lagrangian simulations to predict aerosol concentrations throughout the aircraft cabin.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predicting aerosol transmission in airplanes: Benefits of a joint approach using experiments and simulation

Leithäuser,

Norrefeldt,

Thiel

et al. 2024

Numerical Methods in Fluids

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SummaryWe investigate the transmission of aerosol particles in an airplane cabin with a joint approach using experiments and simulation. Experiments were conducted in a realistic aircraft cabin with heated dummies acting as passengers. A Sheffield head with an aerosol generator was used to emulate an infected passenger and particle numbers were measured at different locations throughout the cabin to quantify the exposure of other passengers. The same setting was simulated with a computational fluid dynamics model consisting of a Lagrange continuous phase for capturing the air flow, coupled with a Lagrange suspended discrete phase to represent the aerosols. Virtual measurements were derived from the simulation and compared with the experiments. Our main results are: the experimental setup provides good measurements well suited for model validation, the simulation does correctly reproduce the fundamental mechanisms of aerosol dispersion and simulations can help to improve the understanding of aerosol transmission for example by visualizing particle distributions. Furthermore, with findings from the simulation it was possible to crucially improve the experimental setup, proving that feedback between the numerical and the hardware world is indeed beneficial.

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Tradeoffs between ventilation, air mixing, and passenger density for the airborne transmission risk in airport transportation vehicles

Cited by 5 publications

References 28 publications

Ceiling impact on air disinfection performance of Upper-Room Germicidal Ultraviolet (UR-GUV)

Ceiling impact on air disinfection performance of Upper-Room Germicidal Ultraviolet (UR-GUV)

Ventilation design of tour buses for suppressing airborne transmission and highly efficient virus elimination in post COVID-19 period

Predicting aerosol transmission in airplanes: Benefits of a joint approach using experiments and simulation

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