Trading Away from Conflict: Using Trade to Increase Resilience in Fragile States

Calì, Massimiliano

doi:10.1596/978-1-4648-0308-6

Cited by 14 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Theoretically, it is possible that these countries are poised to particularly benefit from such a move. Export crops tend to be highly labor-intensive and generate substantial employment in rural areas, which is believed to reduce conflict by increasing the returns to peaceful economic activity and the opportunity cost of joining an armed group (Dal Bo and Dal Bo, 2011; Dube and Vargas, 2013;Calí, 2015). In addition, the tax revenue generated by export crops may reduce conflict by increasing the state's capacity to deal with security threats and provide law and order (Fearon and Laitin, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Based on this optimistic view, a recent World Bank study concludes that "promoting labor-intensive export sectors in fragile countries may help reduce conflict intensity and risk" (Calí, 2015). In a similar vein, a recent discussion paper by the World Economic Forum states that "export-oriented agriculture ... is one of the most promising areas of activity in many fragile states" (World Economic Forum, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Export Crops and Civil Conflict

Crost

Felter

2019

Journal of the European Economic Association

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Many experts see a move toward high-value export crops, such as fruits and vegetables, as an important opportunity for economic growth and poverty reduction, but little is known about the effects of export crops in fragile and conflict-affected countries. We exploit movements in world market prices combined with geographic variation in crop production to show that increases in the value of bananas, the country’s biggest export crop, caused an increase in conflict violence and insurgent-controlled territory in the Philippines. This effect was concentrated in provinces where bananas are produced in large plantations with areas greater than 25 hectares. Our results are consistent with a mechanism in which insurgents fund their operations by extorting large agricultural export firms.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Export Crops and Civil Conflict

Crost

Felter

2019

Journal of the European Economic Association

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“…Trade policy can promote domestic and regional peace and stability if properly designed (Cali 2015). keys to reducing conflict through trade policy include (a) managing revenues from commodity exports (in Iraq's case, oil exports) in a conflict-sensitive way; (b) increasing trade with regional partners, which is made easier when border crossing points are opened and made more efficient; and (c) promoting labor-intensive exports, such as agricultural products, that can enhance employment and thus add to social stability.…”

Section: Trade and Regional Integrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Breaking Out of Fragility: A Country Economic Memorandum for Diversification and Growth in Iraq

2020

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Books in this series are published to communicate the results of Bank research, analysis, and operational experience with the least possible delay. The extent of language editing varies from book to book. This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Nothing herein shall constitute or be considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privileges and immunities of The World Bank, all of which are specifically reserved.

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“…This Section explains the mechanisms based on a framework provided by Cali, M. (2015) building on the work of Collier, P., A. Hoeffler et. al.…”

Section: Economic Diversification In Fragile and Conflict-affected Contextsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aid, Trade and Development Indicators for São Tomé and Príncipe

2019

Aid for Trade at a Glance

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Economic diversification and empowerment are essential for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. Both objectives also embody the rationale behind the Aid for Trade Initiative. Economic diversification offers a pathway for empowerment, while empowement allows women, youth and micro, small and medium sized enterprises to engage in trade. Growth in agriculture, manufacture and services offers entrepreneurial opportunities and generates productive jobs. In turn, this economic diversification contributes to rising incomes and human development more generally. We have seen this pattern of progress in many developing countries bringing substantive reductions in extreme poverty.However, the pace of economic diversification is uneven and the pattern evolving, while some economies face inherent challenges. This is especially true for small, island, landlocked or resource dependent countries and those that are affected by fragility and conflict. At the same time, rapid technological progress threatens to disrupt established pathways for economic development, but also offers new growth and development opportunities. Elevated environmental risks require new approaches to economic diversification.International trade can help. An open, rules based trading system contributes to global welfare. It helps diffuse goods and services, and also the technology and knowledge to manage environmental challenges. But turning trade opportunities into trade flows, requires us to redouble our efforts to tackle the numerous supply side constraints that many developing countries are still facing, particularly the least-developed countries. AID FOR TRADE FACTS AND FIGURES Export diversificationSource: WTO Database Progress in economic and export diversification is not uniform nor universal. According to the OECD-WTO Monitoring and Evaluation Exercise 2019, 53 per cent of developing countries reported progress in economic diversification since the launch of the Aid for Trade initiative in 2006 -66 per cent for LDCs. Services is the sector with the second-most progress after agriculture, as reported by 33 per cent of developing countries.

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Trading Away from Conflict: Using Trade to Increase Resilience in Fragile States

Cited by 14 publications

References 37 publications

Export Crops and Civil Conflict

Export Crops and Civil Conflict

Breaking Out of Fragility: A Country Economic Memorandum for Diversification and Growth in Iraq

Aid, Trade and Development Indicators for São Tomé and Príncipe

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