Trading Zones in Early Modern Europe

Long, Pamela O.

doi:10.1086/684652

Cited by 55 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…They become essential not only for the development of science but also more important for the transforming public sphere. In this sense, we claim that they revive the Zilsel’s (2000) thesis and its later extrapolations, such as Peter Galison’s and Pamela O. Long’s “trading zones” (Galison, 1997b; Long, 2015) or Pamela H. Smith “artisanal epistemologies” (Smith, 2004). The most important aspect of the experiential knowledge based on the 16 th century artisan instruments (Zilsel, 2000) was that it gained an equal standing to the deductive and theoretical reasoning performed in the universities, which was previously considered superior.…”

Section: Osh As Living Instruments Cosmoscopes Epistemic Machines mentioning

confidence: 79%

Science Artisans and Open Science Hardware

Kera

2017

Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society

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Open science hardware (OSH) are prototypes of laboratory instruments that use open source hardware to extend the purely epistemic (improving knowledge about nature) and normative (improving society) ideals of science and emphasize the importance of technology. They remind us of Zilsel’s 1942 thesis about the artisanal origins of science and instrument making that bridged disciplinary and social barriers in the 16th century. The emphasis on making, tinkering, and design transcends research, reproducibility, and corroboration in science and pushes to the forefront educational, emancipatory, and aesthetic and exploratory uses. I will use two recent projects, OpenDrop electrowetting platform and Open Source Estrogen that make but also reflect OSH’s playful, expressive, and performative strategies and define the present practices as “artisanal science.” These hybrid and ambiguous practices bridge divides between present disciplines and skills but they also define science as an everyday activity directly connected to the private and public interests of the citizens. To describe this epistemic and normative ambiguity of artisanal science, I employ Hannah Arendt’s 1958 critique of homo laborans and homo faber and claim that science artisans (citizen scientists, geeks, makers, and hackers) offer an alternative to professionalization of science as practiced in the university and R&D laboratories. Science artisans design and build instruments to engage in civic “vita activa” over instruments but also leisurely “otium” outside of the work and science labor. OSH in this sense empowers individuals and communities to explore new connections between scientific practices, public actions, and private interests (leisure). The science artisans strive for and explore sovereignty, dignity, and freedom in an age immersed in science and technology controversies by bridging the divides between art, science, engineering, and humanities.

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Section: Osh As Living Instruments Cosmoscopes Epistemic Machines mentioning

confidence: 79%

Science Artisans and Open Science Hardware

Kera

2017

Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society

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“…Le recours à tous les arts décoratifs devint de plus en plus recherché : édification de grottes spectaculaires aux décors peints et à coquillages, nymphées 67 , vases en marbre, pots à feu, à fleurs et à fruits. 71 . Cette importante ressource en matériaux très résistants du point de vue mécanique autant que vis-à-vis des altérations a donc été très exploitée en raison de leur accessibilité, ainsi qu'il en a été dans le passé dans la région de Palluau et de Challans, en Vendée, où des milliers de blocs et de dalles de grès à palmiers, pouvant atteindre 7 mètres de long et 3 mètres de haut parsemaient encore la campagne au milieu du XX e siècle 72 .…”

Section: Les Thèmes Des Jardins Paysagersunclassified

“…Puis, à Rome, à la fin du régime républicain, quelques jardins ont été dévolus à la population, dont celui de César. Les parcs et promenades publics impliquent au cours de leur histoire des aspects esthétiques, mais aussi sociologiques 73 . L'un des plus anciens de ces promenoirs semble bien être la promenade du Peyrou, à Montpellier (Hérault), mais ils ne prirent en Europe occidentale un certain essor qu'au cours du XIX e siècle et n'ont pas apporté de traits majeurs par leur architecture, ni d'originalité particulière dans le choix des essences plantées, si ce n'est de donner une image d'une végétation arborée et ombragée.…”

Section: Les Thèmes Des Jardins Paysagersunclassified

Introduction

Blary¹,

Gély²

2020

Ressources Et Construction : La Transmission Des Savoirs Sur Les Chantiers

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Éditeur : Éditions du Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques Année d'édition : 2020 Date de mise en ligne : 29 septembre 2020 Collection : Actes des congrès nationaux des sociétés historiques et scientifiques ISBN électronique : 9782735508990 http://books.openedition.org Référence électronique BLARY, François (dir.) ; GÉLY, Jean-Pierre (dir.). Ressources et construction : la transmission des savoirs sur les chantiers. Nouvelle édition [en ligne]. Paris : Éditions du Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques, 2020 (généré le 20 novembre 2020). Disponible sur Internet : . ISBN : 9782735508990.

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“…Although scholars debate the significance and effectiveness of patenting as a means to spur innovation in the early modern period (Epstein 2004;MacLeod 1991), the patenting process was an important factor in the development of porous environments in which different bodies of knowledge were exchanged. Such openness of knowledge is generally seen as a key factor to innovation (Mokyr 1990;Mokyr 2002), and exchanges between artisans, professional groups, and scholars in the early modern period occurred with the greatest frequency in what Pamela Long has called 'trading zones' (Long 2015). The patenting process can be considered such a zone, as it offered various social groups an incentive to invest time and capital in technological innovation (Molà 2014), while also providing a common virtual 'meeting place' for the collaboration between inventors and investors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Most Expert in Europe: Patents and Innovation in the Building Trades in the Early Dutch Republic (1580–1650)

Hurx

2019

Architectural Histories

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Famous early modern engineering feats in architecture, such as Brunelleschi's dome in Florence, have traditionally been presented in historiography as the accomplishments of individual 'authorial' figures. Yet, for many other innovative building technologies of the early modern period, the authorship remains unknown. Often such inventions were the result of incremental advances for which many people were responsible. The socioeconomic circumstances that allowed for technological developments remain an understudied field in architectural history. This paper presents the building site as an important space of knowledge production. Difficulties that arose during construction had a stimulating effect on the exchange of ideas among various professional groups, including architects, master craftsmen, and engineers. A special case is found in the development of specialised building techniques in the 17th-century Dutch Republic. By the end of the Golden Age, the 'Hollanders', considered 'the most expert in Europe' in the construction of large structures in marshy conditions, were valued for their 'incomparable inventions' in hydraulic engineering and their skill in laying foundations. The work involved in this process-driving piles and excavating pits in marshy conditions-was by definition an interdisciplinary endeavour, and required the expertise of architects, masons, carpenters, and others. Building in these conditions not only posed serious technical difficulties, but also involved high costs, challenging master craftsmen to invent new cost-saving methods and techniques. In this paper, this innovative and interdisciplinary climate will be explored through the analysis of 17th-century patents, or inventor privileges, in the Early Dutch Republic (1580−1650). Patents are an understudied source in architectural history, yet architects and artisans from the building trades were highly active in obtaining such privileges. In addition, the patenting process was an important incentive to invest time and capital in technological innovation among various social groups within and outside the building trades, thus stimulating exchanges between people with theoretical and practical backgrounds.

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Trading Zones in Early Modern Europe

Cited by 55 publications

References 16 publications

Science Artisans and Open Science Hardware

Science Artisans and Open Science Hardware

Introduction

The Most Expert in Europe: Patents and Innovation in the Building Trades in the Early Dutch Republic (1580–1650)

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