Traditional and Novel Approaches in Garlic (Allium sativum L.) Breeding

Shemesh-Mayer, Einat; Kamenetsky-Goldstein, Rina

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-66965-2_1

Cited by 14 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 153 publications

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“…Although fertility restoration of garlic has been achieved, the commercial garlic varieties are still sterile due to pollen degeneration and reproduced vegetatively by planting individual cloves or bulbils ( Pooler and Simon, 1994 ; Etoh and Simon, 2002 ; Simon and Jenderek, 2003 ; Shemesh Mayer et al, 2013 ; Shemesh-Mayer and Kamenetsky-Goldstein, 2021 ), and consequently, the classical hybridization in breeding strategy and genetic studies of this economically important crop has been strictly hindered for a long time ( Shemesh-Mayer et al, 2015 ). Its germplasm resources for improvement are severely lacking.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Due to the absence of adequate breeding method to introduce desirable variations, it has been a long time that new garlic varieties are selected only from existing living collections through natural or induced mutations ( Shemesh-Mayer and Kamenetsky-Goldstein, 2021 ). Increasing ploidy by artificial polyploidy induction (APPI) is an efficient way to create superior plants to sterile plants such as garlic by improving the morphology, disease resistance, adaptability to environmental stress, and yield or quality ( Balal et al, 2017 ; Zhou et al, 2020 ; Kim et al, 2021 ; Tavan et al, 2022 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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In vitro Induction and Phenotypic Variations of Autotetraploid Garlic (Allium sativum L.) With Dwarfism

et al. 2022

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Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is a compelling horticultural crop with high culinary and therapeutic values. Commercial garlic varieties are male-sterile and propagated asexually from individual cloves or bulbils. Consequently, its main breeding strategy has been confined to the time-consuming and inefficient selection approach from the existing germplasm. Polyploidy, meanwhile, plays a prominent role in conferring plants various changes in morphological, physiological, and ecological properties. Artificial polyploidy induction has gained pivotal attention to generate new genotype for further crop improvement as a mutational breeding method. In our study, efficient and reliable in vitro induction protocols of autotetraploid garlic were established by applying different antimitotic agents based on high-frequency direct shoot organogenesis initiated from inflorescence explant. The explants were cultured on solid medium containing various concentrations of colchicine or oryzalin for different duration days. Afterward, the ploidy levels of regenerated plantlets with stable and distinguished characters were confirmed by flow cytometry and chromosome counting. The colchicine concentration at 0.2% (w/v) combined with culture duration for 20 days was most efficient (the autotetraploid induction rate was 21.8%) compared to the induction rate of 4.3% using oryzalin at 60 μmol L–1 for 20 days. No polymorphic bands were detected by simple sequence repeat analysis between tetraploid and diploid plantlets. The tetraploids exhibited a stable and remarkable dwarfness effect rarely reported in artificial polyploidization among wide range of phenotypic variations. There are both morphological and cytological changes including extremely reduced plant height, thickening and broadening of leaves, disappearance of pseudostem, density reduction, and augmented width of stomatal. Furthermore, the level of phytohormones, including, indole propionic acid, gibberellin, brassinolide, zeatin, dihydrozeatin, and methyl jasmonate, was significantly lower in tetraploids than those in diploid controls, except indole acetic acid and abscisic acid, which could partly explain the dwarfness in hormonal regulation aspect. Moreover, as the typical secondary metabolites of garlic, organosulfur compounds including allicin, diallyl disulfide, and diallyl trisulfide accumulated a higher content significantly in tetraploids. The obtained dwarf genotype of autotetraploid garlic could bring new perspectives for the artificial polyploids breeding and be implemented as a new germplasm to facilitate investigation into whole-genome doubling consequences.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vitro Induction and Phenotypic Variations of Autotetraploid Garlic (Allium sativum L.) With Dwarfism

et al. 2022

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“…The mutual effects of bulbing on bolting and vice-versa are not fully understood. Bulb development is known to initiate earlier in non-bolting cultivars, possibly implying the existence of a balance or competition between bulb and inflorescence development [ 19 ], but some studies have failed to appreciate this competition, as stem elongation seemed to have no impact on bulb weight [ 18 ]. The optimal temperatures and photoperiods might vary among accessions, as also occurs in other plants [ 18 ].…”

Section: General Features and Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Turning Garlic into a Modern Crop: State of the Art and Perspectives

Parreño

Rodríguez-Alcocer

Martínez-Guardiola

et al. 2023

Plants

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Garlic is cultivated worldwide for the value of its bulbs, but its cultivation is challenged by the infertility of commercial cultivars and the accumulation of pathogens over time, which occurs as a consequence of vegetative (clonal) propagation. In this review, we summarize the state of the art of garlic genetics and genomics, highlighting recent developments that will lead to its development as a modern crop, including the restoration of sexual reproduction in some garlic strains. The set of tools available to the breeder currently includes a chromosome-scale assembly of the garlic genome and multiple transcriptome assemblies that are furthering our understanding of the molecular processes underlying important traits like the infertility, the induction of flowering and bulbing, the organoleptic properties and resistance to various pathogens.

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“…In an attempt to reduce infection load, garlic propagation by aerial bulbils and biotechnological methods are becoming popular [ 14 , 15 , 16 ]. Some reports suggest that bulbils are less infected by viruses than cloves and, therefore, possess the best potential for the propagation of healthy bulbs [ 17 , 18 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the last decades, the breakthrough in fertility restoration and production of true garlic seeds resulted in rapid scientific progress on one hand and opened the way for advanced research, as well as breeding of modern and improved garlic varieties on the other [ 14 ]. The question of whether garlic-infecting viruses are transmitted via true seeds, however, remains open and is important for the further development of commercial seed production and garlic farming.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Garlic Potyviruses Are Translocated to the True Seeds through the Vegetative and Reproductive Systems of the Mother Plant

Shemesh-Mayer

Gelbart²,

Belausov³

et al. 2022

Viruses

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Garlic lost its ability to produce true seeds millennia ago, and today non-fertile commercial cultivars are propagated only vegetatively. Garlic viruses are commonly carried over from one generation of vegetative propagules to the other, while nematodes and arthropods further transmit the pathogens from infected to healthy plants. A recent breakthrough in the production of true (botanical) garlic seeds resulted in rapid scientific progress, but the question of whether viruses are transmitted via seeds remains open and is important for the further development of commercial seed production. We combined morpho-physiological analysis, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and PCR analysis to follow potyvirus localization and translocation within garlic fertile plants and seeds. Spatial distribution was recorded in both vegetative and reproductive organs. We conclude that garlic potyviruses are translocated to the seeds from the infected mother plant during flower development and post-fertilization, while pollen remains virus-free and does not contribute to seed infection. Therefore, the main practical goal for virus-clean seed production in garlic is the careful maintenance of virus-free mother plants. Although garlic pollen is free of potyviral infection, the male parents’ plants also need to be protected from contamination, since viral infection weakens plants, reducing flowering ability and pollen production.

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Traditional and Novel Approaches in Garlic (Allium sativum L.) Breeding

Cited by 14 publications

References 153 publications

In vitro Induction and Phenotypic Variations of Autotetraploid Garlic (Allium sativum L.) With Dwarfism

In vitro Induction and Phenotypic Variations of Autotetraploid Garlic (Allium sativum L.) With Dwarfism

Turning Garlic into a Modern Crop: State of the Art and Perspectives

Garlic Potyviruses Are Translocated to the True Seeds through the Vegetative and Reproductive Systems of the Mother Plant

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