“…They are also used in indigenous beverages in Korea and China (Wang, Clifford, & Sharp, 2008). Pharmacological studies have shown that extracts of the flower buds of L. japonica have a broad spectrum of biological activity, including antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, antioxidant, antiangiogenic, antipyretic, antiviral, and hepatoprotective effects (Chan et al, 2008;Chang & Hsu, 1992;Choi, Jung, Kang, & Choi, 2007;Lee et al, 2001;Moon et al, 1999;Tang, Li, Chen, Guo, & Li, 2008;Xu, Oliverson, & Simmons, 2007;Yip, Chan, Pang, Tam, & Wong, 2006;Yoo, Kang, Song, Park, & Lim, 2008). A number of chemical constituents with diverse structures, including iridoids, flavonoids, saponins, polyphenols, and cerebrosides, have been isolated from this plant (Chang & Hsu, 1992;Chen, Wang, Ni, Chen, & Zhou, 2000;Choi et al, 2007;Kumar, Singh, Gupta, & Kaul, 2006;Lin et al, 2008;Lou, Tian, Yuan, & Ji, 1995;Peng, Mei, Jiang, Zhou, & Sun, 2000;Song et al, 2008;Teng, Wang, & Chen, 2000).…”