Traditional Constructive Techniques and Their Relation to Geographical Conditioning Factors. The Case of Half-Timbered Walls in Spain

Escobar, Alicia Hueto; Mileto, Camilla; López-Manzanares, Fernando Vegas; Macchioni, Nicola

doi:10.1080/15583058.2022.2155884

Cited by 3 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The study of such a diverse and complex constructive technique requires the development of a progressive classification system based on typological, geometric and material variants and finishes [29]. Although historically these have only been classified according to the materials used and the structural importance of the timber [30], it was felt that this classification should be expanded to include other aspects, such as the geometric layout of the timber framework, the location of the walls within the built complex, and the presence of protective rendering.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reflections on the Decay Mechanisms of Half-Timbered Walls in Traditional Spanish Architecture: Statistical Analysis of Material and Structural Damage

Hueto-Escobar,

Vegas,

Mileto

et al. 2024

Heritage

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Knowledge on the state of conservation and vulnerability of traditional techniques when faced with the most common degradation phenomena is vital in order to propose the most suitable conservation and maintenance actions. This article presents the systematic review of 1218 half-timbered walls found throughout Spain, enabling the identification of a total of 27 material lesions, classified by atmospheric, biological or anthropic origin, and 9 structural lesions due to stress or excessive deformation. Their qualitative and quantitative analysis has focused on the frequency of the individual lesions and the possible correlation with different constructive characteristics, such as the materials used, the geometry of the framework and the presence of plinths, eaves and protective rendering. Almost the entire sample presents some degree of material degradation, mostly atmospheric lesions of limited severity, such as superficial atmospheric erosion and chromatic alteration and dehydration of the timber. In terms of structural lesions, half-timbered walls are seen to be more vulnerable to this type of deformation. Considering the risk of loss affecting all traditional architecture, it becomes particularly important to promote the continued maintenance of half-timbered walls in order to reduce the influence of material lesions caused by atmospheric agents. Subsequently, suitable criteria for intervention are established in order to reduce the effect of anthropic lesions and structural degradation phenomena, particularly linked to a lack of maintenance and modifications of anthropic origin.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reflections on the Decay Mechanisms of Half-Timbered Walls in Traditional Spanish Architecture: Statistical Analysis of Material and Structural Damage

Hueto-Escobar,

Vegas,

Mileto

et al. 2024

Heritage

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show abstract

“…Traditional architecture uses the resources available in a given location to provide a response to constructive needs, while also developing constructive systems and techniques that partly depend on the materials available. As illustrated previously, all the samples analysed are geographically relatively close to the timber species identified, as are the materials used for filling or enclosure of the spaces of the framework [36]. Below is a cross-analysis of the constructive function of the elements from which the samples studied were obtained and the characteristics of the species or species group identified, depending on whether they are used for structural elements such as uprights or beams or whether they are laths or rods used in the construction of the enclosure of the framework (Figure 24).…”

Section: Cross-analysis Of Constructive Characteristics and Timber Sp...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Coatings are conceived as a layer of protection against these external degradation agents [53]. Almost half of the sample of half-timber walls studied in Spain have some kind of mortar rendering or coating based on the use of pieces such as boards, slate slabs, or roof tiles [36]. The mud mortar found in half of the cases where the use of poplar timber has been microscopically identified was highly degraded.…”

Section: Cross-analysis Of Constructive Characteristics and Timber Sp...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The aim of this is to enhance this constructive technique, proposing guidelines for its correct conservation and intervention. With a wide range of variants documented through the study of 1218 half-timber walls, part of the intangible value of these techniques lies in their adaptation to place, as well as to the specific needs and resources available [36].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Microscopic Identification of 24 Timber Samples Obtained from Half-Timber Walls in Northern Spain—Considerations on the Relationship between Species and Constructive Needs

Escobar

López-Manzanares

Mileto

2023

Forests

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Traditional architecture characteristically uses locally available materials to develop constructive systems and techniques, providing an optimum response to the needs of the population. This study focuses on half-timber walls as a traditional technique taking material form in a wide range of variants found mostly in the northwest half of Spain. Primarily aiming to ensure the broad objective of in-depth documentation, understanding, and study, the microscopic analysis of 24 timber samples obtained from different half-timber walls is proposed. This analysis aims to identify the species or species groups used and to establish a correlation with different aspects of construction including structural resistance, durability, and workability. This makes it possible to identify the predominant use of species found close to the locations from which the samples are obtained, using relatively resistant species for the structural elements of the half-timber wall, as well as the use of species with flexible and easily malleable branches for the construction of the enclosure panels. This indicates that, among the species available in a given location, builders have a degree of knowledge on the characteristics of the material, so they could choose the most suitable ones or develop specific constructive solutions based on these characteristics.

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“…Mount Cervino is the tallest summit, reaching an elevation of 4810 m [54]. Geographical considerations, including solar exposure, soil quality, and climate, have a significant impact on the choice of industrial sites [55]. This has led to differences in production methods at different site locations and, in turn, influenced the regional distribution of industrial heritage and types of production.…”

Section: Geographical Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geographic Distribution Characteristics and Influencing Factors for Industrial Heritage Sites in Italy Based on GIS

Fan,

Sun

2024

Sustainability

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A comprehensive understanding of industrial legacy, considering its social, economic, and environmental aspects, is crucial for its preservation. This study scrutinizes 120 industrial heritage sites, investigating spatial–temporal patterns and influential factors. The aim is to provide a scientific basis for the conservation and management of the Italian industrial heritage. (1) The research underscores Italy’s industrial legacy’s tendency for clustering and uneven dispersion, prominently concentrated in the northern regions while notably sparse in the south. (2) Geographical advantages, a history of advanced industrialization, higher economic levels, greater population density, and supportive policies foster a concentration of industrial development and greater diversity of heritage types in the North. (3) The recommendations advocate for tailored conservation and management strategies tailored to the distinct characteristics of Italian industrial history. These strategies advocate for increased public involvement, reinforced legislative protection, and the promotion of tourism and cultural education to sustainably develop heritage assets. The findings and methodologies of this study can effectively identify the causes of the formation of the Italian industrial heritage, thereby offering a broader perspective to bolster its preservation and administration. It also provides a valuable reference for global industrial heritage preservation and management strategies.

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Traditional Constructive Techniques and Their Relation to Geographical Conditioning Factors. The Case of Half-Timbered Walls in Spain

Cited by 3 publications

References 12 publications

Reflections on the Decay Mechanisms of Half-Timbered Walls in Traditional Spanish Architecture: Statistical Analysis of Material and Structural Damage

Reflections on the Decay Mechanisms of Half-Timbered Walls in Traditional Spanish Architecture: Statistical Analysis of Material and Structural Damage

Microscopic Identification of 24 Timber Samples Obtained from Half-Timber Walls in Northern Spain—Considerations on the Relationship between Species and Constructive Needs

Geographic Distribution Characteristics and Influencing Factors for Industrial Heritage Sites in Italy Based on GIS

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