Traditional Smithing and Forging of South African Bloomery Iron

Friede, H.; Steel, Ronald

doi:10.2307/3888193

Cited by 6 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…Microscopically, the slagged ceramic fabrics contained thermally fractured quartz fragments, within a glass matrix. Some of the slagged portions had slag dominated by wustite and silicates such as fayalite (Friede and Steel ). Magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ) and hercynite (FeAl 2 O 4 ) spinels were also visible on some sections of the samples.…”

Section: Data Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Production, Distribution and Consumption of Metals and Alloys at Great Zimbabwe

et al. 2016

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The legacy of vandalism and almost a century of continuous focus on drystone wall masonry is that little is known about metal craft production and consumption activities at Great Zimbabwe. Within these limitations, this paper attempts to explore the metallurgy of Great Zimbabwe, guided by the framework of archival, chronological and fieldwork‐ and laboratory‐based studies. The paper contends that residents of various components of Great Zimbabwe worked and processed their own metal, pointing to homestead‐level production and consumption. Metal from local and regional sources sustained long‐distance trade with the Indian Ocean rim.

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Section: Data Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Production, Distribution and Consumption of Metals and Alloys at Great Zimbabwe

et al. 2016

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“…Traditional smithing and forging has received less attention in the technical literature than smelting, 241 but there are numerous ethnographic accounts of smithing. After the demise of smelting in many regions smiths continued using scrap iron and still do.…”

Section: Forging and Smithingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early Metal Working in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Review of Recent Research

1994

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Thispaper is a review of the course of research during the past decade into the history of indigenous metal working in sub-Saharan Africa. It comprises three sections: a summary of the chronology of early metallurgy and the spread of metal working; a description of African metal working in terms of mining, smelting and smithing, with particular emphasis on recent interpretations of the iron-smelting technology; and a conclusion summarizing the main developments and some lines of future enquiry. A glossary of technical terms used in this paper is appended.

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