Traditional stone water spouts status and its practical significance in urbanizing Kathmandu Valley, Nepal – a review

Shrestha, Anustha; Shah, Deep; Shrestha, Sravan

doi:10.1016/j.envc.2022.100573

Cited by 1 publication

(1 citation statement)

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“…These new structures have led several stone waterspouts, wells, and ponds to become dry and inoperative. With the growth in population, water demand has increased from 35.1 MLD in 1998, to 155 MLD in 2000, 320 MLD in 2009, and 370 MLD in 2015(Thapa et al, 2016Thapa et al, 2018), and 470 MLD today (Shrestha et. al., 2022), and it is projected that if the floating population of the Kathmandu is accounted for, even 510 MLD (GoN and ADB, 2021) would be barely sufficient meet the needs of the Valley population.…”

Section: The Increasing Water Demand Of the Kathmandu Valleymentioning

confidence: 99%

Minimizing surface run-off, improving underground water recharging, and on-site rain harvesting in the Kathmandu valley

Bhattarai

Adhikari²

2022

Nep. Pub. Pol. Rev.

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Nepal’s political institutions and administrative units were thoroughly restructured in 2015 with the promulgation of the new Constitution. Several rural areas were combined to meet the definition of urban threshold criteria to classify rural areas into urban categories. Accordingly, over 3,900 local political and administrative units were amalgamated into 753 units, of which, 293 units are classified as urban. Within these newly defined urban areas, many natural environments have been converted into impervious surfaces such as paved roads, sidewalks, and building roofs. These impervious surfaces have drastically increased the amount of surface run-offs—often termed as “urban floods” --under increasing precipitation caused by global climate change. These incidences have negatively impacted to the groundwater recharge processes in the urban areas. Data on groundwater recharge rates are needed in the context of global climate change to understand the status of groundwater recharge processes in the urban areas of Nepal. However, due to various limitations, this study only focuses around the Kathmandu Valley of Nepal to understand: a) how the expansion of urban, peri-urban, and associated areas have resulted in decreasing groundwater recharges; b) how groundwater is affected by the year-to-year variability of precipitation amount (low and high intensity) with the conversion of the natural landscape into built-up areas; and c) how the changing trends in precipitation and evapotranspiration may impact future groundwater availability. This study is based on a review of the literature and the analysis of secondary data available from the government and various social media and authors' professional experiences. The study ends with some recommendations based on experiences from other parts of the world on groundwater recharge processes.

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Section: The Increasing Water Demand Of the Kathmandu Valleymentioning

confidence: 99%