Traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and safety concerns of hawthorn (Crataegus genus): A comprehensive review

Crataegus pentagyna willd. Fruits, leaves and roots: phytochemicals, antioxidant and antimicrobial potentials

“…Earlier phytochemical investigations of C. pentagyna from different origins have revealed the identification of different compounds such as gallic acid, caffeic acid, and chlorogenic acid in fruit, pulp and seed of Iranian species [ 15 , 16 ]; hyperoside, rutin, isoquercitrin, sexangularetin-3- O -glucoside, isoorientin, isoorientin-2- O -rhamnoside, isovitexin, orientin, orientin-2- O -rhamnoside, vitexin, and vitexin-2- O -rhamnoside in leaves of Austrian species [ 17 ]; coumaric acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, quercetin 3- O -glucoside (isoquercetin), quercetin, quercetin 3- O -rutinoside (rutin), (-)-epicatechin, kaempferol 3- O- glucoside, hyperoside, apigenin, cyanidin 3- O -glucoside, luteolin and procyanidins B1 and B2 in fruits, flowers and leaves of Serbian species [ 18 ]; and a number of flavonoid aglycones, flavonoid O - and C -glycosides, organic and phenolic acids and proanthocyanidins in leaf, flower and fruit of Romanian species [ 19 ]. Previous studies showed that these phytochemicals have been linked to the health-promoting effects of this species, including cardiovascular system influence, antioxidant, anti-cancer, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antihypercholesterolemic activities [ 9 , 20 ]. As an effective method with high sensitivity and resolution, liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC–ESI-MS/MS) is widely used for plant metabolomics analyses and species discrimination.…”

Hawthorn with “homology of medicine and food”: a review of anticancer effects and mechanisms

“…Hawthorn ( Crataegus pinnatifida ), known as “Shanzha” (in Chinese), is a member of the family Rosaceae and genus Crataegus . This plant is valued for its dual purpose as a medicinal and edible Chinese herb, with a rich history of medicinal applications that have earned it widespread acclaim for its therapeutic benefits ( Li R. et al, 2023 ; Cui et al, 2024 ). In the realm of TCM, the efficacy of treatments is often attributed to the effective ingredients within them.…”

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“…The active monomer components and extracts in hawthorn serve as the foundation for its pharmacological effects. A thorough examination of these components is essential for uncovering hawthorn's anticancer mechanism, offering significant scientific research and clinical implications (Cui et al, 2024). As more studies on hawthorn's anticancer properties emerge in the medical field, the exploration of its anticancer mechanism continues to progress.…”

“…Through literature retrieval, four reviews have been found that discuss the pharmacological and phytochemical effects of hawthorn (Zhang L. L. et al, 2020;Martinelli et al, 2021;Li R. et al, 2023;Cui et al, 2024). These reviews primarily focus on summarizing the botanical description and distribution, traditional usage, chemical composition, and pharmacological effects of hawthorn.…”

“…Hawthorn (Crataegus pinnatifida), known as "Shanzha" (in Chinese), is a member of the family Rosaceae and genus Crataegus. This plant is valued for its dual purpose as a medicinal and edible Chinese herb, with a rich history of medicinal applications that have earned it widespread acclaim for its therapeutic benefits (Li R. et al, 2023;Cui et al, 2024). In the realm of TCM, the efficacy of treatments is often attributed to the effective ingredients within them.…”