Traffic‐Related Air Pollution and Associated Human Health Risk

Abstract

Air pollution is a big danger to medium and low‐income countries like India. It is one of the most serious pollution issues and the main source of adverse health consequences in humans. It is discovered that it is responsible for nearly 4.2 million premature deaths each year due to particulate matter (PM) pollution, which causes cardiovascular, infectious, and carcinogenic diseases. According to various epidemiological analyses, NO2, i.e., nitrogen dioxide and RSPM, i.e., respirable suspended particulate matter have a comparatively higher association with respiratory problems and a modest correlation with cough and asthma, indicating that NO2 and RSPM are of significant concern. The key cause of air pollution is an exponential increase of licensed cars, which causes traffic congestion, the proliferation of older vehicles, inadequate inspection and repair, the absence of public transit and carpooling, poor fuel quality, insufficient traffic enforcement, poor road conditions, a lack of public knowledge, and the inefficiency of pollution control boards. In 2020, based on the recommendations of the 15th Finance Commission, the Government of India has set aside about $1.7 billion to fight air pollution over the next 5 years for the 42 Indian cities that have million‐plus populations—provided they reduce their air pollution levels by 15% every year.

A Critical Review on Hydrogen Based Fuel Cell Technology and Applications

“…[222] Heavy-duty vehicles are a considerable source of air pollution and consequent human deaths. [223,224] The emission of nitrogen oxide from heavy-duty vehicles poses a serious environmental Figure 15. Control over pore structures enabling gas diffusion processes occurring in a FC conventionally manufactured and 3D printed carbon material are depicted as (a) and (b), respectively.…”

A Comparative Study of Heavy Metal Pollution in Ambient Air and the Health Risks Assessment in Industrial, Urban and Semi-Urban Areas of West Bengal, India: An Evaluation of Carcinogenic, Non-Carcinogenic, and Additional Lifetime Cancer Cases

“…Respirable suspended particulate matter (RSPM), a significant component of air pollution, has drawn much attention due to its severe impacts on human health [9]. These particles can come from several sources, such as industrial operations, construction activities, automobile emissions, and dust and pollen from natural processes [10][11][12]. The inclusion of heavy metals in RSPM is particularly concerning since it has complicated the health hazards of exposure to these airborne contaminants.…”