‘Trained immunity’ from <i>Mycobacterium spp</i>. exposure or BCG vaccination and COVID-19 outcomes

Singh, Samer; Maurya, Rajendra P; Singh, Rakesh Kumar

doi:10.1101/2020.07.11.20151308

Cited by 15 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 24 publications

(63 reference statements)

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“…In this study the prevalence of mycobacterium spp. (standardized to BCG vaccine coverae) exposure of the populations is negatively associated with COVID-19 deaths per million populations, this supports the previous mentioned studies 25,26, 27,28…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…However, the scenario in high prevalence countries like many countries in Asia and Africa is quite the opposite where , reinfection due to contact with active cases rather than reactivation contributes to a high disease burden 24 . In May 5, 2020 latent TB infections was suggested to create heterogenous immune response to COX-COV2 viral infection in different patterns and severity according to different BCG status 27 further studies consolidate such latent TB role 28,29,30 .…”

Section: The Who Recommends Tailored Latent Tuberculosis Infection Mamentioning

confidence: 96%

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Influence of Malaria Edemicity and Standardized TB Prevalence to BCG Coverage on Covid-19 Mortality

2020

Preprint

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Background: Regarding SARS-CoV-2 it is well known that a substantial percentage of adult population cannot get infected if exposed to this novel coronavirus. Several studies give primary indication of the possible role of preexisting immunity whether cross immunity or not. Possible role of latent TB and BCG and malaria have been already suggested to create innate cross heterogeneous immunity. We look for influence of these factors on Covid-19 mortality in malarious countries. Material and methods:80 malarious countries are enrolled in this study. Hierarchical multiple regression type of analyses is used for data analyses. TB prevalence/ 100,000 population standardized to BCG coverage rates is taken as direct factor in the test. Malaria incidence /1000 population is considered as intermediate factor and the outcome is COVID-19 mortality/ 1 million (M) population. Results: TB prevalence is associated with reduced COVID-19 mortality and malaria have an additional effect in reducing COVID-19 mortality. The results show with robust statistical support that TB prevalence was also associated with reduced COVID-19 mortality with additional effect that is also observed in TB and BCG coverage rate. Conclusions: Malaria and standardized TB prevalence are statistical significant factors predicting COVID-19 mortality in negative associations.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: The Who Recommends Tailored Latent Tuberculosis Infection Mamentioning

confidence: 96%

Influence of Malaria Edemicity and Standardized TB Prevalence to BCG Coverage on Covid-19 Mortality

2020

Preprint

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“…The race to discover potential protective variables for COVID-19 incidence and mortality is ongoing with a range of things being proposed to be correlated with COVID-19 impact (Berg, Yu, Salvador, et al 2020;Escobara, Molina-Cruzb & Barillas-Mury, 2020;Ilie, Stefanescu & Smith, 2020;Maruotti, Belloc & Nicita, 2020;O'Neill & Netea, 2020;Singh, Kaur & Singh, 2020;Singh, Maurya & Singh, 2020;Singh, 2020a;Singh, 2020b; and references therein) though not all necessarily having a potential protective role and without the necessary rigor for such assertions. Based upon a correlation and regression analysis of a single day COVID-19 incidence and mortality data with serum vitamin D levels in populations (Ilie, Stefanescu & Smith, 2020), the vitamin D had been proposed as a potential protective variable that may be explored further through dedicated studies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How Strong is the Epidemiological Evidence for a Role of Vitamin D Levels on COVID-19 Infections and Mortality?

Singh¹,

Singh²,

Kaur³

et al. 2021

JSR

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Protective role for vitamin D serum levels on overall COVID-19 impact on populations had been suggested previously based upon single-point cross-sectional analysis of 8 April 2020 data (an early pre-peak-of-infections stage) from 20 European countries assuming comparable confounding variables for these populations. Comparative time-series cross-sectional analysis of the COVID-19 data from the relevant phase of pandemic [12 March (early prepeak) to 26 July (late 1st post-peak-of-infections) 2020] was performed to reassess the strength of the assertion. The study subjects included 1,829,634 COVID-19 cases (11.11% global) and 179,135 associated deaths (27.45% global) on 26 July 2020. Previously suggested cross-sectional study design and methodology could not consistently and significantly (p-value≥0.05) support the notion of the potential protective role for vitamin D levels on COVID-19 incidence and mortality. However, the exponential correlative or the alternative simple regression analysis on ln/log10 COVID-19 data for the time period indicated consistently negative association with vitamin D levels and also improved the overall predictive potential (adjusted-R 2 by 1.33-2.47 fold, p-value= 0.0457-0.0035, for cases/million; adjusted-R 2 by 2.21-3.74 fold, p-value= 0.0049-0.0228, for deaths/million). Considering vitamin D's role in immunity and the strong association observed with reduced mortality, randomized controlled trials are suggested to ascertain its potential in reducing the COVID-19 impact on populations.

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“…The race to discover potential protective variables for COVID-19 incidence and mortality is ongoing with a range of things being proposed to be correlated with COVID-19 impact [2][3][4][5][6][7][8] [1], so more prone to biases due to relative disparate data sets [9]. Nevertheless, the potential protective impact of higher (or lower) vitamin D levels on COVID-19 incidence and adverse outcome possibility could be ascertained through controlled trials to ascertain its actual effect so as to limit any adverse impact due to prevailing vitamin D levels or alternatively that may be resulting from over or under supplementation of vitamin D with or without a medical prescription in the populations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The race to discover potential protective variables for COVID-19 incidence and mortality is ongoing with a range of things being proposed to be correlated with COVID-19 impact [2-8] though not all necessarily having a potential protective role and without necessary rigor for such assertions. Based upon a correlation and regression analysis of a single day COVID-19 incidence and mortality data with serum vitamin D levels in populations [5], vitamin D had been proposed as a potential protective variable that may be explored further through dedicated studies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How strong is the epidemiological evidence to support any potential protective role for vitamin D levels on COVID-19 infections and mortality? - A time-series analysis of European Populations

Singh¹

2020

Preprint

Self Cite

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A potential protective role of vitamin D serum levels on overall adverse outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection or COVID-19 on populations had been suggested previously based upon single-point cross-sectional analysis of 8 April 2020 data from 20 European countries assuming comparable underlying confounding variables for these populations, at an early stage of the current pandemic. Comparative time-series cross-sectional analysis of the COVID-19 data from 12 March (early pre-peak) to 26 July (late post-peak of infections) 2020 was performed to assess the strength of the assertion. The study subjects included 1,829,634 COVID-19 cases (11.11% of total worldwide) and 179,135 associated deaths (27.45 % of total worldwide) on 26 July 2012. Previously suggested cross-sectional study design and methodology could not consistently and significantly (p-value≥0.05) support the notion of the potential protective role of the mean serum vitamin D levels of the populations on COVID-19 incidence and mortality. However, the exponential correlative model, as well as alternative simple regression analysis on ln and Log10 transformed COVID-19 data for the time period indicated improved consistently negative covariation with vitamin D levels. Additionally, the later methodology increased the predictive potential for explaining the variability in data [R2 by 1.27-1.96 fold, adjusted-R2 by 1.33-2.47, p-value=0.0457-0.0035, for cases/million; R2 by 1.81-2.67, adjusted-R2 by 2.21-3.74 fold for deaths/million, p-value=0.0049-0.0228). Considering, the established role of vitamin D in immune system functioning randomized well-controlled trials may be suggested to evaluate/assess the potential protective role of vitamin D in reducing the COVID-19 impact on populations.

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‘Trained immunity’ from Mycobacterium spp. exposure or BCG vaccination and COVID-19 outcomes

Cited by 15 publications

References 24 publications

Influence of Malaria Edemicity and Standardized TB Prevalence to BCG Coverage on Covid-19 Mortality

Influence of Malaria Edemicity and Standardized TB Prevalence to BCG Coverage on Covid-19 Mortality

How Strong is the Epidemiological Evidence for a Role of Vitamin D Levels on COVID-19 Infections and Mortality?

How strong is the epidemiological evidence to support any potential protective role for vitamin D levels on COVID-19 infections and mortality? - A time-series analysis of European Populations

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