Training, Detraining and Retraining Effects after a Water-Based Exercise Program in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease

Abstract

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the adaptations of a water-based training program as well as the detraining and retraining effects on physiological parameters in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods: Twenty-one patients were separated in an exercise group (n = 11) and a control group (n = 10). The exercise group followed three periods: training, detraining and retraining. Each period lasted 4 months. During the training and the retraining periods, the patients performed four sessions of water exercise (not swimming) per week. Results: The water-based program was well-accepted and no adverse effects were observed. The exercise group improved (p < 0.05) their stress-test time (+11.8%), VO_{2 peak} (+8.4%) and total body strength (+12.2%) after the training period; detraining tended to reverse these positive adaptations. Resumption of training increased the beneficial effects obtained after the initial training period (exercise stress: +4.5%; VO_{2 peak}: +6.6%; total strength: +7.0%). The patients in the control group did not show any significant alterations throughout the study. Conclusion: Water-based exercise is safe and induces positive physiological and muscular adaptations in low-risk patients with CAD. These could be reversed, however, after the cessation of exercise. This is why uninterrupted exercise throughout life is a must.

Therapeutic Effect of an Underwater Exercise Program for Patients with Peripheral Arterial Disease

“…In addition, the training program may have assisted in the development of collateral circulation, this was demonstrated in previous experimental studies on animals 23,24) . It has also been reported that four months of water based exercise produced significant adaptation in body composition, strength of the upper and lower limb muscles, aerobic capacity and exercise tolerance among patients with coronary artery disease 19) .…”

“…This was composed of three exercise sessions per week, each lasting one hour, supervised by a senior physiotherapist. The exercise was conducted in waist to chest deep warm water (28-30°C) 19) , and the subjects wore hydro-tone exercise boots. Each exercise session started with 10 minutes of warming up in the form of underwater stretching exercises for the lower limb muscles (hamstrings, calf, hip adductors, and flexors) and underwater gait training (forward and backward walking).…”

“…This was in addition to water cycling by using floatation devices for 10 minutes. During the first 8 weeks, the subjects were exercised within the intensity range of 50 to 70% of their maximum heart rate attained during the symptoms-limited exercise test that corresponded to (10-12) on the scale of rate of perceived exertion (RPE) and then progressed to an intensity range of 70 to 85% of their maximum heart rate (RPE 10-12) during the last 4 weeks 19) . The exercise session was ended with 10 minutes of cooling down exercises (stretching and simple walking) for relaxation.…”

Exercício resistido no cardiopata: revisão sistemática

“…Entre os artigos selecionados, medidas antropométricas foram avaliadas somente por dois ensaios clínicos, o primeiro de autoria de Tokmakidis et al (12) e o segundo por Marzolini et al (4). Nesse primeiro artigo, após quatro meses de treinamento aeróbico e resistido na água, seguido por avaliação após quatro meses de interrupção do treinamento e, por fim, após os quatro meses seguintes, no período de retreinamento, os autores observaram O estudo de Lamotte et al (13) sugere que o treinamento resistido aos cardiopatas deve ser inciado a partir de 2 a 3 séries de 8 a 10 repetições com pesos correspondentes a 30%-40% de 1RM, o que deve aumentar a autoconfiança dos pacientes ao treinamento, e que a sobrecarga seja aumentada de maneira progressiva e gradual, preferencialmente aumentando o percentual da intensidade de carga e o número de séries, em vez do número de repetições, até alcançar o máximo de 70% da força de contração voluntária máxima previamente avaliada.…”

Exercise training programs and detraining in older women

“…Some studies on detraining in older people have evaluated the effects after stopping land-based resistance training of low to high intensity (Tokmakidis, Spassis & Volaklis, 2008) or multicomponent programs (Carvalho et al, 2008). To the best of our knowledge, few studies have reported the effects of detraining after a waterbased exercise program and they have evaluated functional ability only in people with neuromuscular and cardiovascular illness (Bocalini, Serra, Rica & Santos, 2010).…”