Training in the fasted state facilitates re-activation of eEF2 activity during recovery from endurance exercise

Proeyen, Karen Van; Bock, Katrien De; Hespel, Peter

doi:10.1007/s00421-010-1753-7

Cited by 19 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…We did not evaluate the acute effects of exercise, but analyses on resting muscle biopsies showed that the 6-wk SIT period up-regulated neither muscle AMPK total protein content nor AMPK phosphorylation status (Èactivity). Studies in our (33,34) and other laboratories (27) have previously Values are presented as mean T SEM observations during the first (week 1) and the last week (week 6) of the training period involving 30-s intermittent sprints in either normoxia (NOR, n = 9; F i O 2 , 20.9%) or hypoxia (HYP, n = 10; F i O 2 , 14.5%). The number of sprints per session was increased from four in week 1 to nine in week 6.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sprint Interval Training in Hypoxia Stimulates Glycolytic Enzyme Activity

Puype¹,

Proeyen²,

Raymackers³

et al. 2013

Medicine &Amp; Science in Sports &Amp; Exercise

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sprint Interval Training in Hypoxia Stimulates Glycolytic Enzyme Activity

Puype¹,

Proeyen²,

Raymackers³

et al. 2013

Medicine &Amp; Science in Sports &Amp; Exercise

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“…The mechanisms are likely to be different from training with low glycogen. Van Proeyen et al [36] found no differences in AMPK in subjects training in the fasted vs. fed state, but did observe differences in post-exercise eukaryotic elongation factor 2 phosphorylation (elevated after carbohydrate feeding but not after fasting). De Bock et al [35] showed that exercise in the fasted state facilitated intramuscular fat use during exercise and improved glycogen resynthesis [35].…”

Section: Nutritional Training: Specific Goals Require Specific Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Periodized Nutrition for Athletes

2017

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It is becoming increasingly clear that adaptations, initiated by exercise, can be amplified or reduced by nutrition. Various methods have been discussed to optimize training adaptations and some of these methods have been subject to extensive study. To date, most methods have focused on skeletal muscle, but it is important to note that training effects also include adaptations in other tissues (e.g., brain, vasculature), improvements in the absorptive capacity of the intestine, increases in tolerance to dehydration, and other effects that have received less attention in the literature. The purpose of this review is to define the concept of periodized nutrition (also referred to as nutritional training) and summarize the wide variety of methods available to athletes. The reader is referred to several other recent review articles that have discussed aspects of periodized nutrition in much more detail with primarily a focus on adaptations in the muscle. The purpose of this review is not to discuss the literature in great detail but to clearly define the concept and to give a complete overview of the methods available, with an emphasis on adaptations that are not in the muscle. Whilst there is good evidence for some methods, other proposed methods are mere theories that remain to be tested. ‘Periodized nutrition’ refers to the strategic combined use of exercise training and nutrition, or nutrition only, with the overall aim to obtain adaptations that support exercise performance. The term nutritional training is sometimes used to describe the same methods and these terms can be used interchangeably. In this review, an overview is given of some of the most common methods of periodized nutrition including ‘training low’ and ‘training high’, and training with low- and high-carbohydrate availability, respectively. ‘Training low’ in particular has received considerable attention and several variations of ‘train low’ have been proposed. ‘Training-low’ studies have generally shown beneficial effects in terms of signaling and transcription, but to date, few studies have been able to show any effects on performance. In addition to ‘train low’ and ‘train high’, methods have been developed to ‘train the gut’, train hypohydrated (to reduce the negative effects of dehydration), and train with various supplements that may increase the training adaptations longer term. Which of these methods should be used depends on the specific goals of the individual and there is no method (or diet) that will address all needs of an individual in all situations. Therefore, appropriate practical application lies in the optimal combination of different nutritional training methods. Some of these methods have already found their way into training practices of athletes, even though evidence for their efficacy is sometimes scarce at best. Many pragmatic questions remain unanswered and another goal of this review is to identify some of the remaining questions that may have great practical relevance and should be the focus of future research.

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“…The synergistic effect of endurance exercise on AMPK phosphorylation observed in food‐deprived rodents (16) was initially also observed in humans, accompanied by a clearly boosted shift toward increased fatty acid over carbohydrate oxidation in vastus lateralis muscle (17). In a study of lean human subjects by the same authors, the increase in AMPK phosphorylation observed by exercise was not further increased by fasting (18). Instead, in this study, it was observed that fasting stimulates, after endurance exercise, dephosphorylation of eukaryotic elongation factor‐2, which favors rapid reinitiation of muscle protein translation and repair (18).…”

Section: Combining Fasting/food Withdrawal With Endurance Exercise Mamentioning

confidence: 98%

“…In a study of lean human subjects by the same authors, the increase in AMPK phosphorylation observed by exercise was not further increased by fasting (18). Instead, in this study, it was observed that fasting stimulates, after endurance exercise, dephosphorylation of eukaryotic elongation factor‐2, which favors rapid reinitiation of muscle protein translation and repair (18). Whereas endurance exercise in humans per se has been shown to increase autophagy (75, 92), the above data suggest that endurance exercise in fasting conditions may circumvent muscle autophagy in humans and shift the balance toward repair and maintenance of mass of existing muscle structures over protein degradation within muscle fibers.…”

Section: Combining Fasting/food Withdrawal With Endurance Exercise Mamentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Analogous to endurance exercise (8), resistance exercise performed by subjects with NAFLD has been shown to cause beneficial effects: the subjects contained less intrahepatic lipids after cycling against increased resistance, accompanied by improved glucose tolerance and an increased whole‐body oxidative phenotype (6). However, no weight loss was observed, and the authors suggested combined therapy including caloric restriction, which is known to have synergistic effects on metabolism with endurance exercise in humans (17,18). From the above, it seems plausible to predict that resistance exercise, with or without other stimuli such as caloric restriction, may offer an alternative to endurance exercise in counteracting metabolic disorders.…”

Section: Resistance Exercise As An Alternative Route To Ameliorate Mementioning

confidence: 99%

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Exercise, fasting, and mimetics: toward beneficial combinations?

Jaspers¹,

Zillikens²,

Friesema

et al. 2016

FASEB j.

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Obesity and type 2 diabetes are associated disorders that involve a multiplicity of tissues. Both fasting and physical exercise are known to counteract dyslipidemia/hyperglycemia. Skeletal muscle plays a key role in the control of blood glucose levels, and the metabolic changes and related signaling pathways in skeletal muscle induced by fasting overlap with those induced by exercise. The reduction of fat disposal has been shown to extend to the liver and to white and brown adipose tissue and to involve an increase in their metabolic activities.

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Training in the fasted state facilitates re-activation of eEF2 activity during recovery from endurance exercise

Abstract: Nutrition is an important co-factor in exerciseinduced training adaptations in muscle. We compared the effect of 6 weeks endurance training (3 days/week, 1-2 h at 75% VO 2peak

Cited by 19 publications

References 61 publications

Sprint Interval Training in Hypoxia Stimulates Glycolytic Enzyme Activity

Sprint Interval Training in Hypoxia Stimulates Glycolytic Enzyme Activity

Periodized Nutrition for Athletes

Exercise, fasting, and mimetics: toward beneficial combinations?

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