“…Variation in the management of DCIS has been demonstrated previously at both national and international levels including various ongoing studies regarding the optimal management of this disease [ 7 , 8 , 13 , 14 ]. A study looking at variation in practice in the UK, for example, demonstrated national differences in the rates of, and indications for, mastectomy, axillary management, and follow-up procedures for DCIS patients [ 15 , 16 , 17 ]. These international uncertainties regarding the optimal management of DCIS offer a possible explanation for the lack of consistency regarding its management across Canada.…”