Trait rumination predicts onset of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder through trauma-related cognitive appraisals: A 4-year longitudinal study

Spinhoven, Philip; Penninx, Brenda W. J. H.; Krempeniou, Andriana; Hemert, Albert M. van; Elzinga, Bernet M.

doi:10.1016/j.brat.2015.06.004

Cited by 68 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…During the PSS-I participants were also asked to indicate the degree of anxiety during the index event and the perceived impact of this event on their lives during and directly after exposure on 10-point scales ranging from ‘1’ to ‘10’ (see Spinhoven, Penninx, Krempeniou, Van Hemert, & Elzinga, 2015; Spinhoven et al, 2014). …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A new perspective on PTSD symptoms after traumatic vs stressful life events and the role of gender

Berg

Tollenaar

Spinhoven

et al. 2017

European Journal of Psychotraumatology

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Background: There is an ongoing debate about the validity of the A1 criterion of PTSD. Whereas the DSM-5 has opted for a more stringent A1 criterion, the ICD-11 will leave it out as a key criterion. Objective: Here we investigated whether formal DSM-IV-TR traumatic (A1) and stressful (non-A1) events differ with regard to PTSD symptom profiles, and whether there is a gender difference in this respect. Method: This was examined in a large, mostly clinical sample from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (n = 1433). Participants described their most bothersome (index) event and were assigned to either an A1 or non-A1 event group according to this index event. Results: Remarkably, in men PTSD symptoms were even more severe after non-A1 than A1 events, whereas in women symptoms were equally severe after non-A1 and A1 events. Moreover, while women showed significantly higher PTSD symptoms after A1 events than men (29.9 versus 15.4% met PTSD criteria), there was no gender difference after non-A1 events (women: 28.2%; men: 31.3%). Furthermore, anxiety and perceived impact were higher in women than men, which was associated with PTSD symptom severity. Conclusion: In sum, while women showed similar levels of PTSD symptoms after both event types, men reported even higher levels of PTSD symptoms after non-A1 than A1 events. These findings shed a new light on the role of gender in PTSD symptomatology and the clinical usefulness of the A1 criterion.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A new perspective on PTSD symptoms after traumatic vs stressful life events and the role of gender

Berg

Tollenaar

Spinhoven

et al. 2017

European Journal of Psychotraumatology

Self Cite

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“…Laposa and Alden (2006) also noted prospective relations between depression and the frequency of subsequent film-related intrusions. Existing research suggests that rumination and associated cognitive biases may predispose individuals with active depression to develop more negative appraisals of the traumatic event, increasing the likelihood of unwanted memories (Angelakis & Nixon, 2015; Spinhoven, Penninx, Krempeniou, van Hemert, & Elzinga, 2015). Mental imagery has also been proposed as a common etiological factor for both depression and traumatic intrusions (Holmes, Blackwell, Heyes, Renner, & Raes, 2016).…”

Section: Background Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A prospective examination of risk factors in the development of intrusions following a trauma analog

Ripley

Clapp

Beck

2017

Behaviour Research and Therapy

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Several factors have been linked to the severity of posttraumatic distress, although retrospective designs in much of the literature limit conclusions regarding the temporal relation between risk factors and corresponding symptoms. To address these concerns, the current project employed an analog trauma paradigm to assess the impact of background characteristics, stress response, and post-stressor affect regulation on subjective distress and intrusive memories experienced during the subsequent processing of emotional stimuli. University students (N = 184; 56% female, 42% White/Non-Hispanic) were shown graphic scenes of a televised suicide. Physiological activation was recorded during exposure with emotion ratings collected following the film. Participants then viewed a sadness- or humor-eliciting prime under instructions to inhibit or naturally express emotion. Intrusions experienced during the priming film and residual distress at study’s conclusion were rated prior to debriefing. Hierarchical regression identified reductions in emotional valence as a robust predictor of intrusions and distress. Sympathetic activation and exposure to the sadness prime were associated with intrusion frequency, whereas attenuated parasympathetic response predicted intrusion intensity. Expressive inhibition demonstrated a unique association with residual distress. Results suggest peritraumatic processes and post-exposure factors may hold more prominent relations with immediate trauma-related distress as compared to pre-existing survivor characteristics.

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“…Prospective research has since offered stronger evidence that rumination increases the risk for PTSD. Even after controlling for initial symptom levels and/or other established predictors of PTSD (Spinhoven, Penninx, Krempeniou, van Hemert, & Elzinga, ), levels of rumination assessed shortly after trauma exposure continue to predict PTSD symptoms in the ensuing months (Ehring et al, ; Michael et al, ; Nolen‐Hoeksema & Morrow, ; Spinhoven et al, ). Finally, experimental studies have found that rumination inductions following trauma film paradigms or scripts of distressing life events promote more analog PTSD symptoms (e.g., intrusive memories) and/or slower recovery compared to control conditions (Ehring, Fuchs, & Klasener, ; Holz, Lass‐Hennemann, & Michael, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emotion regulation in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD): Rumination accounts for the association between emotion regulation difficulties and PTSD severity

2019

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Objective The current study investigated whether rumination accounts for the relationship between multiple aspects of emotion regulation (ER) difficulties and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) severity. Method Participants were 90 community members (43% diagnosed with PTSD; Mage = 26.7, 86% female) who were interviewed using the Clinician‐Administered PTSD Scale‐5 and completed self‐reported measures of ER and rumination. Results The indirect effect of rumination completely accounted for the relationship between overall ER difficulties and PTSD severity. This finding was replicated for three unique aspects of ER (i.e., nonacceptance of negative emotions, impulse control difficulties under emotional distress, and the ability to maintain goal‐oriented behavior under emotional distress). Reverse models testing the indirect effect of ER on the link between rumination and PTSD were nonsignificant. Conclusions Rumination is an important cognitive process linking specific aspects of ER difficulties to PTSD. Clinical interventions focused on improving ER abilities among those with PTSD may benefit from targeting rumination.

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Trait rumination predicts onset of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder through trauma-related cognitive appraisals: A 4-year longitudinal study

Cited by 68 publications

References 69 publications

A new perspective on PTSD symptoms after traumatic vs stressful life events and the role of gender

A new perspective on PTSD symptoms after traumatic vs stressful life events and the role of gender

A prospective examination of risk factors in the development of intrusions following a trauma analog

Emotion regulation in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD): Rumination accounts for the association between emotion regulation difficulties and PTSD severity

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