Trajectories of Fat Mass Index, Fat Free–Mass Index, and Waist Circumference in Children

Eissa, Mona A.; Dai, Shifan; Mihalopoulos, Nicole L.; Day, R. Sue; Harrist, Ronald B.; Labarthe, Darwin R.

doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2009.04.005

Cited by 67 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Although BMI is a useful surrogate for body composition of a group, our data suggest in agreement with others that the relationship of BMI to body composition varies through childhood by age, sex (Demerath et al, 2006;Wright et al, 2010) and ethnicity (Eissa et al, 2009). What we add to the literature is the marked difference between the growth trajectories of Māori and European children.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 76%

“…A strength of the bioimpedance measurement was that the prediction equation was developed in Māori, Pacific and European children with a wide range of body fatness but it recognised that measurements of BF derived from bioimpedance measures are more applicable to group data rather than individual. We consider the sample size of this study to be insufficient to estimate the individual differences and the influence of other confounders, but, in agreement with other longitudinal studies, the main effects by gender, age (Demerath et al, 2006;Wright et al, 2010) and ethnicity (Eissa et al, 2009) on the relationship between BMI and BF are clear. Between 1991and 1995Eissa et al (2009 showed that black girls between age 10 and 12 years increased FMI by one unit, whereas the comparable change in our [2004][2005][2006] Māori girls was two units, which may be related to earlier puberty.…”

Section: Tracking Body Mass Indices E Rush Et Almentioning

confidence: 75%

“…We consider the sample size of this study to be insufficient to estimate the individual differences and the influence of other confounders, but, in agreement with other longitudinal studies, the main effects by gender, age (Demerath et al, 2006;Wright et al, 2010) and ethnicity (Eissa et al, 2009) on the relationship between BMI and BF are clear. Between 1991and 1995Eissa et al (2009 showed that black girls between age 10 and 12 years increased FMI by one unit, whereas the comparable change in our [2004][2005][2006] Māori girls was two units, which may be related to earlier puberty. As in most studies, there is a potential bias of recruitment by differential dropout rates and self-selection because the children who were measured may have different characteristics to those who were not.…”

Section: Tracking Body Mass Indices E Rush Et Almentioning

confidence: 75%

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Tracking of body mass indices over 2 years in Māori and European children

et al. 2011

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Background/Objectives: In 2002, the prevalence of overweight and obesity, defined by body mass index (BMI), was higher in New Zealand Māori (40%) and Pacific (60%) than in European (24%) children; however, this does not take into account interethnic differences in body composition. This study compared trajectories Results: Body composition and growth in Māori children is different from European children. Over 2 years, the BMI and %BF s.d. scores in both 5-and 10-year-old cohorts increased more in Māori children than in European children. The prevalence of overweight and obesity also increased within ethnicity and age group. The relative change of FMI and FFMI differed by age group, gender and ethnicity. In Māori girls, the magnitude of the changes between 10 and 12 years of age was most marked-the major contribution was from an increase in FMI. At 12 years, the mean %BF of Māori girls was 31.7% (95% confidence interval (CI): 30.1 and 33.3) compared with that of European girls (28.0%; 95% CI: 27.0 and 29.0). Conclusions: FM and FFM measures provide a more appropriate understanding of growth and body composition change in children than BMI, and vary with gender and ethnicity. Thus, FMI and FFMI should be tracked and compared among populations.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 76%

Section: Tracking Body Mass Indices E Rush Et Almentioning

confidence: 75%

Section: Tracking Body Mass Indices E Rush Et Almentioning

confidence: 75%

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Tracking of body mass indices over 2 years in Māori and European children

et al. 2011

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“…29 The use of this index, which is promising but requires a valid assessment of body composition by the pediatrician, is increasingly under evaluation. [30][31][32] Perspective Reference intervals of FMI versus FFMI, for adults, children and teenagers, can be used as indicative values for the evaluation of nutritional status (degree of overnutrition or undernutrition) of apparently healthy subjects. It can also provide complementary information to the classical expression of body composition reference values.…”

Section: Ffmi and Fmi In Childrenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Body composition phenotypes in pathways to obesity and the metabolic syndrome

et al. 2010

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Dynamic changes in body weight have long been recognized as important indicators of risk for debilitating diseases. While weight loss or impaired growth can lead to muscle wastage, as well as to susceptibility to infections and organ dysfunctions, the development of excess fat predisposes to type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, with insulin resistance as a central feature of the disease entities of the metabolic syndrome. Although widely used as the phenotypic expression of adiposity in population and gene-search studies, body mass index (BMI), that is, weight/height 2 (H 2 ), which was developed as an operational definition for classifying both obesity and malnutrition, has considerable limitations in delineating fat mass (FM) from fat-free mass (FFM), in particular at the individual level. After an examination of these limitations within the constraints of the BMI-FM% relationship, this paper reviews recent advances in concepts about health risks related to body composition phenotypes, which center upon (i) the partitioning of BMI into an FM index (FM/H 2 ) and an FFM index (FFM/H 2 ), (ii) the partitioning of FFM into organ mass and skeletal muscle mass, (iii) the anatomical partitioning of FM into hazardous fat and protective fat and (iv) the interplay between adipose tissue expandability and ectopic fat deposition within or around organs/tissues that constitute the lean body mass. These concepts about body composition phenotypes and health risks are reviewed in the light of race/ethnic variability in metabolic susceptibility to obesity and the metabolic syndrome.

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“…It is important to periodically survey populations at risk in order to determine the need for appropriate interventions. 2 Adolescence is one of the four known sensitive periods in life for the development of obesity, the other three being intrauterine life, infancy and ages 5 -7 years. 3 Often, body mass index (BMI) is used as proxy for assessing excessive accumulation of body fat, partly because of ease of measurement.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age and gender-related fat mass index and fat- free mass index patterns among adolescents in Surulere LGA, Lagos

Nwizu¹,

Njokanma²,

Okoromah³

et al. 2014

Nig. J. Paed.

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Abstract:Background: Percent body fat, fat mass and fat mass index are measures of body fat while fat free mass and fat free mass index measure lean mass. These measures of body composition vary with age and sex. Aim: To show the age-related patterns of measures of fat and lean mass in adolescent Nigerians in Lagos. Methods: Percent body fat was measured in school pupils aged 10years to 18years (377 boys and 376 girls) using Tanita ® body fat monitor (BF 666). Fat mass (FM) was derived from percentage body fat and body mass and fat free mass (FFM) was obtained by subtracting fat mass from body mass. Fat mass index (FMI) and fat free mass index (FFMI) were derived by dividing FM and FFM, respectively by the square of the height. Results: Overall percent body fat and FM were significantly higher in girls (18.9±7.5% Vs 9.5±4.5%: p < 0.001 and 9.7±6.1kg Vs 4.5±3.2kg: p < 0.001 respectively). FMI for girls ranged from 3.2 to 4.5kg/m² peaking at 16 years. At all ages, girls had higher mean FMI than boys. The mean FMI for males fell from 2.6 kg/m² at 10 years to a trough of 1.5 kg/m² at 16 years before a slight rise to 1.9 kg/ m² at 18 years. FFM in boys increased consistently with age, overtaking that of girls at 12 years with the gap widening up to 18 years. Measures of body fat were much lower in study subjects than reported from western countries even where lean mass was comparable. Conclusion: Adolescent females have higher body fat indices while males have higher lean mass indices. Indices of body fat in the current study are much lower than reported for western counterparts.

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Trajectories of Fat Mass Index, Fat Free–Mass Index, and Waist Circumference in Children

Cited by 67 publications

References 18 publications

Tracking of body mass indices over 2 years in Māori and European children

Tracking of body mass indices over 2 years in Māori and European children

Body composition phenotypes in pathways to obesity and the metabolic syndrome

Age and gender-related fat mass index and fat- free mass index patterns among adolescents in Surulere LGA, Lagos

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