Trajectories of non-intimate partner and intimate partner homicides, 1980-1999: The importance of rurality

New frontiers in criminal careers research, 2000–2011: A state-of-the-art review

“…They have an early onset of antisocial conduct and juvenile justice activity often prior to age 10, engage in more varied and severe forms of delinquency and violence, are more prolific, have longer careers and delayed desistance, and have frequent, overlapping, and often unsuccessful involvement in the criminal justice system. Given this extremity, there is a particular focus on the most violent and severe criminals evidenced by increasingly enriched samples of offenders including prison homicide offenders (Cunningham, Sorensen, Vigen, & Woods, 2010), multiple homicide offenders (DeLisi & Scherer, 2006;Wright, Pratt, & DeLisi, 2008), homicide offenders (Jennings & Piquero, 2008), sex offenders (Harris et al, 2009;, and high-risk or serious/violent/chronic juvenile delinquents (Baglivio, 2009;Krebs, Lattimore, Cowell, & Graham, 2010;Mulvey et al, 2010). Indeed, criminologists increasingly suggest that the criminal career paradigm is an appropriate framework for studying the most severe forms of crime (Soothill, Fitzpatrick, & Francis, 2009), an avenue of research that historically was examined by forensic psychiatrists.…”

Social Isolation and Weapon Use in Intimate Partner Violence Incidents in Rural Areas

“…Although nationally representative data indicate IPV prevalence rates that are similar across urban and rural areas, as many observers have noted, the nature and seriousness of IPV across the rural-urban continuum has been found to vary (Jennings and Piquero, 2008;GallupBlack, 2005;Orchowsky, 1998;Logan et al, 2003). The purpose of this study was to assess the nature of IPV in rural southeastern North Carolina; specifically, the prevalence of weapon use in violent intimate-partner incidents in three rural counties, and factors that may explain such use.…”

“…First is the research on the homicide decline. While a portion of the decline in U.S. homicide rates since the early 1990's has been attributed to an overall decline in intimate partner homicide, recent research has disaggregating urban and rural trends reveal that intimate partner homicide rates not only did not decline, but increased by 60 percent over the 1980's and 1990's (Gallup-Black, 2005Jennings and Piquero, 2008). Second, qualitative studies of IPV in rural areas have revealed that both the structure and culture of rural environments may help both engender and conceal a particular type of violence against women (Websdale, 2002;DeKeseredy and Schwartz, 2009).…”

Reducing intimate partner homicides: The effects of federally-funded shelter service availability in California

“…Evidence suggests that the analysis of rural contexts is worthwhile. Gallup-Black (2005) found that intimate partner homicides increased in rural counties between 1980 and 1999 while they declined in all other types of counties, including metropolitan areas (see also Jennings & Piquero, 2008). In addition, a study of nearly 100 service providers in North Carolina and Virginia found important differences between urban and rural settings in terms of the needs of victims of intimate partner violence and the ability of service providers to meet those needs (Eastman & Bunch, 2007).…”

“…The positive trend, however, has not been observed in rural counties, where rates of intimate partner homicide increased between 1980(Gallup-Black, 2005. Researchers attempted to better inform policy decisions by investigating the factors that may be responsible for declining rates of intimate partner homicide (Dugan et al, 1999(Dugan et al, , 2001Gallup-Black, 2005;Jennings & Piquero, 2008;Rosenfeld, 1997). Among these policy-relevant variables is the availability and quality of shelter-based services for victims of intimate partner violence.…”