Trajectories of plant communities in Massachusetts, U.S.A. cranberry farms discontinued from agriculture

Abstract

Retirement of cultivated croplands creates potential for ecosystem and wetland restoration, but vegetation and soil legacies of cropping influence the development of post-agriculture vegetation. In low-lying coastal watersheds of southeastern Massachusetts, cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton) are cultivated in commercial "bogs" largely on diked, leveled and sanded bog beds created from historic wetlands. Current low cranberry prices and expanding cranberry production elsewhere now increase the likelihood of cranberry farmland retirement. We quantified the trajectories of plant species richness and cover, and plant characteristics (life form, native or non-native, wetland or non-wetland) in a chronosequence of cranberry bog beds that spanned from cultivated bog beds to those retired from cropping and revegetated for 90 years with no post-cropping management. Species richness increased from active bog beds to 10-20 year-old bog beds and subsequently decreased. Post-retirement species richness was overwhelmingly dominated by native species. Shrub and tree richness and cover increased steadily over time. The richness of wetland, upland and facultative species all increased quickly after retirement and then declined in the oldest retired bog beds. The basal area and canopy cover of red maple (Acer rubrum) and pitch pine (Pinus rigida) increased over time. Vegetation followed a relatively predictable succession trajectory and the plant community after five to nine decades was predominantly forested and dominated by non-wetland plants. Encouragement of long-term persistence of greater diversity and cover of wetland plant species on retired cranberry farms will likely require active hydrological and soil modifications that decrease sand depth and raise water tables.