Trajectories of prescription drug misuse during the transition from late adolescence into adulthood in the USA: a national longitudinal multicohort study

McCabe, Sean Esteban; Veliz, Philip; Dickinson, Kara; Schepis, Ty S.; Schulenberg, John E.

doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(19)30299-8

Cited by 30 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…the concomitant abuse of other substances with synergistic effects, psychiatric diagnoses and social circumstances [4][5][6][7][8]. Therefore, side-effects, drug interactions and individual variation in responses (including both possible comorbidities, such as a mental disorder, renal or hepatic dysfunction, systemic diseases; and a previous substance abuse or dependence) [2,9] might be associated with a range of severe adverse drug reactions (ADRs), including seizures, arrythmias and respiratory arrest, and fatalities [10][11]. In this context, 'pharming' is a new, worldwide phenomenon involving the non-medical use of prescription (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Misuse of prescription and over-the-counter drugs to obtain illicit highs: how pharmacists can prevent abuse

Chiappini¹,

Guirguis²,

Corkery³

et al. 2020

The Pharmaceutical Journal

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There have been increasing reports of misuse of a range of prescription and over-the-counter (OTC) drugs for recreational purposes. The use of psychoactive pharmaceuticals and 'pharming' are new, widespread phenomena involving the non-medical use of prescription and OTC drugs, which are recreationally used to achieve psychoactive effects either on their own or in combination with other substances. This article provides an overview of the topic, focusing on a range of medicines (e.g. prescription medicines such as quetiapine, gabapentinoids, Z-drugs, bupropion, venlafaxine, and over-thecounter medicines such as loperamide, dextromethorphan, benzydamine, promethazine, chlorphenamine, diphenhydramine and hyoscine butylbromide) that have emerged as misused and diverted, or already described through the literature, as well as recorded by drug users' online websites reporting new trends and experimentations of drug abuse. This rapidly changing drug scenario represents a challenge for pharmacy, psychiatry, public health and drug control policies. Moreover, possibly resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, drug use-habits and availability have changed, causing a shift in behaviours relating to both prescription and OTC medicines. Healthcare professionals should be aware of potential prescription drugs diversion, recognise misuse cases, consider the possibility of polydrug misuse, and prevent it where possible. Pharmacists can play a key role in preventing and reducing drug abuse and should be involved in evidence-based actions to detect, understand and prevent drug diversion activities and the adverse effects of drug-misuse.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Misuse of prescription and over-the-counter drugs to obtain illicit highs: how pharmacists can prevent abuse

Chiappini¹,

Guirguis²,

Corkery³

et al. 2020

The Pharmaceutical Journal

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“…Several findings are consistent with the broader NMU literature. For example, most of the sample was male, with approximately half being 18–24 years which is also the age of highest misuse rate ( McCabe et al, 2019 , Faraone et al, 2019 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterizing prescription stimulant nonmedical use (NMU) among adults recruited from Reddit

Vosburg

Robbins

Antshel

et al. 2021

Addictive Behaviors Reports

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Highlights Adults reporting past 5-year non-oral prescription stimulant NMU were studied. Non-oral NMU preferences were snorting (59%) injecting (4%) or smoking (1%). Polysubstance use was reported by 79.1% of the sample. Route of administration and motivation for prescription stimulant NMU were related. Prescription stimulant oral and intranasal NMU was to enhance performance. Prescription stimulant intravenous and smoking NMU was to get high.

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“…Slightly more than one-third (34.8%) of participants in the qualitative study claimed that prescription stimulant NMU influenced their subsequent use of illicit substances, while almost one-half endorsed prescription stimulant NMU when their regular dose was not achieving its effect, a noted risk factor for misuse ( 69 ). Recently, among multiple cohorts of high school seniors who were followed longitudinally, it was demonstrated that any reported prescription stimulant misuse (compared to none or rare misuse) was more strongly associated with subsequent substance use disorder symptoms at age 35, including cannabis use disorder, other substance use disorder or any substance use disorder ( 70 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterizing Pathways of Non-oral Prescription Stimulant Non-medical Use Among Adults Recruited From Reddit

et al. 2021

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Objective: Prescription stimulant non-medical use (NMU) is a national predicament. While the risks of prescription stimulant NMU have been considered, less is known about non-oral use. To focus on this gap, a sample of adults with non-oral prescription stimulant NMU within the last 5-years was recruited. The purpose of the present study was to characterize the pathways and substance transitions associated with prescription stimulant NMU and non-oral prescription stimulant NMU in this unique sample of adults.Methods: Adults (n = 225) reporting non-oral prescription stimulant NMU within the last 5 years were recruited to complete an online survey by banner ads placed on the Reddit website between February and September 2019. After completion of the survey, a second study consisting of an in-depth telephone interview was conducted with 23 participants: interviews took place between July and September 2019. Data reported here include substance, route of administration and class transitions, as well as qualitative data from the interviews.Results: Approximately 1 in 5 began their substance use trajectory with prescription stimulants (19.1%). Other than marijuana, most exposures to illicit substances occurred after both initial prescription stimulant NMU and initial non-oral prescription stimulant NMU. The most frequently reported route of administration transition was from oral use to snorting (n = 158, 70.2%), however, other route of administration transitions included oral use to injection drug use (n = 14, 6%). In-depth interviews elaborated upon these transitions and indicated that prescription stimulant NMU was consequential to substance use pathways.Conclusions: Oral prescription stimulant NMU was a precursor to non-oral prescription stimulant NMU. Non-oral prescription stimulant NMU was a precursor to illicit substance use, suggesting that prescription stimulant NMU impacts substance use pathways and revealing opportunities for intervention.

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Trajectories of prescription drug misuse during the transition from late adolescence into adulthood in the USA: a national longitudinal multicohort study

Cited by 30 publications

References 29 publications

Misuse of prescription and over-the-counter drugs to obtain illicit highs: how pharmacists can prevent abuse

Misuse of prescription and over-the-counter drugs to obtain illicit highs: how pharmacists can prevent abuse

Characterizing prescription stimulant nonmedical use (NMU) among adults recruited from Reddit

Characterizing Pathways of Non-oral Prescription Stimulant Non-medical Use Among Adults Recruited From Reddit

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