Trans-placental transfer of nicotine: Modulation by organic cation transporters

Biotransformation and transplacental transfer of the anti-viral remdesivir and predominant metabolite, GS-441524 in pregnant rats

“…In the present study, in vivo microdialysis coupled with a validated UHPLC-MS/MS analytical method. 14 was used to investigate the transplacental transfer of remdesivir and its main metabolite, GS-441524, in the maternal blood, fetus, amniotic fluid, and placenta. The methodology used in this study was made compatible with the 3Rs principle (replacement, reduction, and refinement), by reducing the number of animals necessary for longitudinal sampling and measuring the pharmacologically relevant unbound form of the drug in the extracellular compartment.…”

“…The lengths of the active membrane for blood and embryo (fetus, placenta, and amniotic fluid) sampling were 1.1 cm and 0.6 cm, respectively. 14 …”

“…Microdialysis probes were inserted into the placenta and amniotic fluid, for fetal sampling. 14 Polyethylene tubing (PE-50) was cannulated in the left femoral vein for remdesivir (30 mg/kg, i.v.). The maternal and embryo probes were perfused with ACD solution (13.6 mM dextrose, 7.5 mM sodium citrate, and 3.5 mM citric acid), at a flow rate of 2.0 μL/min.…”

Transfer and biotransformation of the COVID-19 prodrug molnupiravir and its metabolite β-D-N4-hydroxycytidine across the blood-placenta barrier

“…Microdialysis probes were then inserted into the fetus, placenta, and amniotic fluid for sampling. 27 Dialysate samples were collected every 20 min for 6 h using a microfraction collector (CMA/142) and kept at −20 °C until further analysis by UHPLC‒MSMS/MS.…”

Pharmacokinetic analysis of placental transfer of ritonavir as a component of paxlovid using microdialysis in pregnant rats

“…In order to determine the transplacental transfer ratio into the conceptus, our laboratory has made efforts in conventional sampling techniques [ 15 , 16 ], as well as microdialysis [ [17] , [18] , [19] , [20] ]. Microdialysis is a technique that uses probes with semipermeable membrane to sample endogenous and exogenous substances [ [21] , [22] , [23] ].…”