“…Although a few voices advocate the supremacy of defensive over offensive marketing (e.g., Berry, 1995;Parvatiyar & Sheth, 2001), intuition, marketplace evidence, and empirical research suggest that offensive marketing still plays a significant role in the ways that firms conduct business (Fruchter & Sigué, 2005). Indeed, a study of how competitors react to each other's promotion and advertising attacks reveals that the dominant form of competitive response is passive in nature (Steenkamp, Nijs, Hassens, & Dekimpe, 2005).…”